Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants who were users and non-users of smokeless tobacco (ST).
| Non-users | ST only | ST plus betel nut | Pearson Chi- | ||||
| (n = 638) | (n = 88) | (n = 146) | Square | ||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 201 | 37 | 117 | < 0.001 | |||
| (56.6) | (10.4) | (33.0) | |||||
| Female | 437 | 51 | 29 | ||||
| (84.5) | (9.9) | (5.6) | |||||
| Ethnic Origin | |||||||
| Hindko/Hazara & Punjabis in north of Pakistan | 329 (70.4) | 59 (12.6) | 79 (16.9) | 0.039 | |||
| Pathans | 232 (77.1) | 24 (8.0) | 45 (15.0) | ||||
| Others | 77 (74.0) | 5 (4.8) | 22 (21.2) | ||||
| Education status | |||||||
| No education | 272 (81.7) | 33 (9.9) | 28 (8.4) | < 0.001 | |||
| Up to 8th grade | 132 (67.7) | 19 (9.7) | 44 (22.6) | ||||
| Up to 10th grade | 136 (67.0) | 20 (9.9) | 47 (23.1) | ||||
| College/University | 98 (69.5) | 16 (11.3) | 27 (19.1) | ||||
| Occupation | |||||||
| House wives/unemployed | 427 (84.4) | 49 (9.7) | 30 (5.9) | < 0.001 | |||
| Shopkeepers & office workers | 49 (61.3) | 10 (12.5) | 21 (26.3) | ||||
| Laborers & vendors | 119 (53.3) | 22 (9.9) | 82 (36.8) | ||||
| Students | 43 (68.3) | 7 (11.1) | 13 (20.6) | ||||