Table 4. Association of hyperhomocysteinemia1 with smokeless tobacco (ST) use.
| Non-users | ST users alone & with betel nut | |
| (n = 638) | (n = 234) | |
| Crude 2 | 1 | 14.89 (10.38–21.36)* |
| Adjusted 3 | 1 | 11.34 (7.58–16.96)* |
| Adjusted 4 | 1 | 11.35 (7.58–16.99)* |
| Adjusted 5 | 1 | 11.49 (7.66–17.23)* |
1
Plasma homocysteine >15 µmol/L.
2
Values are OR (95% CI) from logistic regression, *p<0.001.
3
Values are OR (95% CI) from logistic regression adjusted for age (y), gender, folate status (≤3.5 ng/mL, >3.5 ng/mL) and, vitamin B12 status (≤200 pg/mL, >200 pg/mL), *p<0.001.
4
Values are OR (95% CI) from logistic regression adjusted for age (y), gender, folate status (≤3.5 ng/mL, >3.5 ng/mL), vitamin B12 status (≤200 pg/mL, >200 pg/mL) and blood lead (<10 µg/dL, ≥10 µg/dL), *p<0.001.
5
Values are OR (95% CI) from logistic regression adjusted for age (y), gender, folate status (≤3.5 ng/mL, >3.5 ng/mL), vitamin B12 status (≤200 pg/mL, >200 pg/mL), blood lead (<10 µg/dL, ≥10 µg/dL), BMI and cholesterol. *p<0.001.