Table 1.

Objective causes for tinnitus.

Vascular disorders	Stenosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, or arteriosclerosis of the carotids, subclavian artery, or brachiocephalic artery Vascular loops (e.g. at the cerebellopontine angle) Glomus tumors Sigmoid sinus diverticulum Arteriovenous fistula or malformations Aneurysm or dissection of the carotid artery Hyper- or hypotension Congenital or acquired heart defects, anemia, hyperthyroidism
Muscular disorders	Myoclonus of the stapedial or tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear Myoclonus of the eustachian tube or patulous eustachian tube Palatomyoclonus, myoclonus of the larynx
Osseous diseases	High jugular fossa or bulb; venous diverticulum Exposure of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery Otosclerosis, Paget’s disease or other chronic bone diseases affecting the middle or inner ear Pneumocephalus in contact to the temporal bone
Neoplasia	Acoustic neuroma Hemangioma Tumors of the endolymphatic sac (e.g. von Hippel-Lindau disease)
Miscellaneous	Multiple sclerosis Intracranial hypertension Arnold-Chiari malformation Cerumen obturans, otitis media, otitis externa