Table 2.

Inner ear vs. non-inner ear causes of dizziness.

Peripheral vestibular disorders	Meniere’s disease Viral labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, labyrinthine syphilis, trauma Vascular loops or neoplasia at the cerebellopontine angle Perilymphatic fistula, intoxication, alcohol, vascular disorder benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (positional vertigo) Vestibular paroxysmia, bilateral vestibulopathy, residual peripheral vestibular deficit
Central vestibular disorders	Brain stem lesions or neoplasia Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, vertebrobasilar anomalies, basilar artery migraine, vestibular epilepsy
Cerebral disorders	Cerebrovascular disease, transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke Postconcussion disorders, intoxication, centrally depressing drugs Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease Intracranial hypertension Arnold-Chiari malformation
Musculoskeletal disorders	Cervical musculoskeletal imbalance leading to vascular compression or abnormal neck proprioception (osteochondrosis, spondylosis, discopathy, posture adaptations like scoliosis, or kyphosis) Cervical cord compression Neck trauma, whiplash injury
Cardiovascular disorders	Stenosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, or arteriosclerosis of the carotids, subclavian artery, or brachiocephalic artery Aneurysm or dissection of the carotid artery Congenital or acquired heart defects, anemia, hyperthyroidism Hyper- or hypotension
Miscellaneous	Somatoform or phobic disorders