. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Nov 17;39(2):10.1111/apt.12553. doi: 10.1111/apt.12553

Table 2.

Observational studies of the association between vitamin D levels and outcomes in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

Author	Year	Study Design	Number of patients	Predictor variable	Outcome	Result
Joseph⁸⁹	2009	Cross-sectional	34 CD	Serum 25(OH)D	HBI	Serum 25(OH)D negatively correlated with disease activity (correlation co-efficient −0.484)
El-Matary⁷⁶	2011	Cross-sectional	60 IBD (39 CD, 21 UC)	Serum 25(OH)D	PCDAI or PUCAI	Vitamin D levels were not associated with disease activity
Ulitsky¹⁹	2011	Retrospective	504 IBD (403 CD, 101 UC)	Serum 25(OH)D	HBI or SCCAI Health-related quality of life	Vitamin D deficiency was associated with lower HRQoL (−2.2, 95% CI −4.1 to −0.3) and increased disease activity (1.1, 95% CI 0.4 – 1.7) in CD but not UC
Ananthakrishnan¹³	2013	Prospective	3217 IBD (1763 CD, 1454 UC)	Serum 25(OH)D	IBD-related surgery IBD-related hospitalizations	Vitamin D deficiency (<20ng/mL) was associated with increased risk of surgery (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2 – 2.5) in CD and hospitalizations in both CD (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6 – 2.7) and UC (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7 – 3.1)
Zator⁷⁹	2013	Retrospective	101 IBD (74 CD, 27 UC) patients initiating anti-TNF therapy	Serum 25(OH)D within 3 months of anti-TNF initiation	Cessation of anti-TNF therapy	Patients with low vitamin D had an increased risk of early cessation of anti-TNF therapy (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0 – 4.4)

CD – Crohn’s disease; UC – ulcerative colitis; IBD – inflammatory bowel disease; HBI – Harvey Bradshaw index; PCDAI – Pediatric crohn’s disease activity index; PUCAI – pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index; SCCAI – simple clinical colitis activity index,