Table 4.

Relation of prenatal alcohol exposure to infant withdrawal, mother-infant interaction, and infant temperament

		Average alcohol/day				Drinks/occasion				Frequency
		At conception		Across pregnancy		At conception		Across pregnancy		At conception		Across pregnancy
	N	r	β	r	β	r	β	r	β	r	β	r	β
Infant withdrawala	85	.18†	.15	.19†	.16	.09	.05	.12	.07	.29**	.26*	.29**	.26*
Mother-infant interaction
During free play
Maternal sensitivityb	127	−.11	−.02	−.12†	−.03	−.12†	−.03	−.15*	−.10	−.10	−.04	−.12†	−.03
Infant responsivityb	127	−.15	−.08*	−.19	−.12*	−.20	−.13*	−.16*	−.14	−.11	−.07	−.17	−.10*
Quality of interactionc	127	−.07	.06	−.08	.07	−.11	.01	−.09	−.03	−.03	.06	−.07	.07
During feeding
Maternal sensitivityd	127	−.19*	−.08	−.19*	−.09	−.17*	−.08	−.08	.02	−.17*	−.08	−.20*	−.10
Infant EAS Temperament
Emotionalitye	105	.16†	.03	.20*	.07	.18*	.07	.16*	.06	.14†	.04	.14†	.03
Activityf	119	−.26**	−.16†	−.24	−.13	−.28**	−.20*	−.28**	−.23*	−.20*	−.12	−.22	−.12
Sociabilityg	119	−.09	.07	−.11	.09	−.12	−.01	−.16*	−.05	−.09	.05	−.10	.10
Shynessh	119	.04	−.01	.05	.02	.09	.05	.05	.02	.02	−.03	.01	−.02

^†p < .10

^*p < .05

^**p < .01

^aConfounders: Mother’s education, Raven score, birthweight, gestational age.

^bConfounders: Mother’s education, socioeconomic status, Raven score.

^cConfounders: Mother’s education, socioeconomic status, Raven score, Beck depression score.

^dConfounders: Raven score, Beck depression score, state anxiety, marital status.

^eConfounders: Socioeconomic status, Raven score, life stress, Beck depression score, postpartum depression, trait anxiety.

^fConfounders: Mother’s education, socioeconomic status, Raven score, gender.

^gConfounders: Mother’s education, Raven score, Beck depression score, pregnancy smoking, birthweight.

^hConfounders: State anxiety, gender.