Table 5.

Population-based National Studies^¥ that Provided Data Facilitating Comparisons of Levels of Dental Caries Development between Levels of Free Sugars Consumption above and below 10 kg/person/yr (~5% energy intake)

Population Study	Dentition	Evidence
Takahashi, 1959 (Tokyo, Japan)	First permanent molars	Sugars availability before WWII was 15 kg/person/yr and decreased to 0.2 kg (0.1% E) in 1946. Log-linear relationship between sugars and caries increment between 0.2 kg and 5-7.5 kg/person/yr in teeth erupted for 7-8 yrs, r = 0.8.
Okuya, 1960 (Tokyo, Japan)	Second permanent molars	Sugars decreased from 15 kg/person/yr to <10 kg/person/yr. Dental caries decreased but not to zero. Correlation between sugars and caries in second molars was 0.7.
Koike, 1959 (Kyoto, Japan)	Lower and upper first permanent molars	Sugars intake decreased from 15 kg/person/yr to < 10 kg/person/yr. Dental caries decreased but not to zero. Mean correlation between sugars availability and annual caries incidence rate was 0.8 in the lower first permanent molars and 0.6 for the upper first permanent molars. Straight-line log-linear relationship between sugars and annual caries incidence between 0.1 and 15 kg/person/yr.

^¥References cited are for the first publication from the corresponding cited study. Where studies are associated with more than one paper, a full list of references from each is provided in Supplemental Material 3.