Clinical experience with insulin detemir, biphasic insulin aspart and insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes: Results from the Tamil Nadu cohort of the A₁chieve study

Abstract

Background:

The A₁chieve, a multicentric (28 countries), 24-week, non-interventional study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of insulin detemir, biphasic insulin aspart and insulin aspart in people with T2DM (n = 66,726) in routine clinical care across four continents.

Materials and Methods:

Data was collected at baseline, at 12 weeks and at 24 weeks. This short communication presents the results for patients enrolled from Tamil Nadu, India.

Results:

A total of 2221 patients were enrolled in the study. Four different insulin analogue regimens were used in the study. Patients had started on or were switched to biphasic insulin aspart (n = 1707), insulin detemir (n = 270), insulin aspart (n = 85), basal insulin plus insulin aspart (n = 79) and other insulin combinations (n = 80). At baseline glycaemic control was poor for both insulin naïve (mean HbA₁c: 9.2%) and insulin user (mean HbA₁c: 9.2%) groups. After 24 weeks of treatment, both the groups showed improvement in HbA₁c (insulin naïve: −1.7%, insulin users: −1.7%). SADRs including major hypoglycaemic events did not occur in any of the study patients.

Conclusion:

Starting or switching to insulin analogues was associated with improvement in glycaemic control with a low rate of hypoglycaemia.

INTRODUCTION

62.4 million Indians were reported to have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) putting India on the forefront of diabetic epidemic across globe.[1,2] Fear of hypoglycaemia and gain in body weight are barriers for initiation of insulin therapy.[3] Modern insulin analogues are a convenient new approach or tool to glycaemic control, associated with low number of hypoglycaemia and favourable weight change.[4] A₁chieve, a multinational, 24-week, non-interventional study, assessed the safety and effectiveness of insulin analogues in people with T2DM (n = 66,726) in routine clinical care.[5] This short communication presents the results for patients enrolled from Tamil Nadu, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Please refer to editorial titled: The A1chieve study: Mapping the Ibn Battuta trail.

RESULTS

A total of 2221 patients were enrolled in the study. The patient characteristics for the entire cohort divided as insulin-naïve and insulin users is shown in the Table 1. Glycaemic control at baseline was poor in this population. The majority of patients (76.86%) started on or were switched to biphasic insulin aspart. Other groups were insulin detemir (n = 270), insulin aspart (n = 85), basal insulin plus insulin aspart (n = 79) and other insulin combinations (n = 80).

Table 1.

Overall demographic data

After 24 weeks of treatment, overall hypoglycaemia reduced from 1.1 events/patient-year to 0.6 events/patient-year in insulin naïve group and from 3.9 events/patient-year to 2.0 events/patient-year in insulin users group. The hypoglycaemia incidence in insulin naive group at 24 weeks was lower than that observed in insulin users at baseline. SADRs including major hypoglycaemic events did not occur in any of the study patients. Blood pressure decreased from baseline, while overall lipid profile and quality of life improved at week 24 in total cohort [Table 2 and 3].

Table 2.

Overall safety data

Table 3.

Insulin dose

All parameters of glycaemic control improved from baseline to study end in the total cohort [Table 4].

Table 4.

Overall efficacy data

Biphasic insulin aspart ± OGLD

Of the total cohort, 1707 patients started on biphasic insulin aspart ± OGLD, of which 1314 (77.0%) were insulin naïve and 393 (23.0%) were insulin users. After 24 weeks of starting or switching to biphasic insulin aspart, hypoglycaemic events reduced from 0.9 events/patient-year to 0.6 events/patient-year in insulin naïve group and from 3.4 events/patient-year to 1.8 events/patient-year in insulin users. Quality of life improved at the end of the study [Table 5 and 6].

Table 5.

Biphasic insulin aspart±oral glucose-lowering drug safety data

Table 6.

Insulin dose

All parameters of glycaemic control improved from baseline to study end in those who started on or were switched to biphasic insulin aspart for both insulin naïve and insulin user group [Table 7].

Table 7.

Biphasic insulin aspart±oral glucose-lowering drug efficacy data

Basal + insulin aspart ± OGLD

Of the total cohort, 79 patients who started on basal + insulin aspart ± OGLD, of which 35 (44.3%) were insulin naïve and 44 (55.7%) were insulin users. After 24 weeks of starting or switching to insulin aspart, hypoglycaemic events reduced from 2.2 events/patient-year to 0.8 events/patient-year in insulin naïve group and from 6.5 events/patient-year to 1.7 events/patient-year in insulin users. Quality of life improved after 24 weeks of treatment [Table 8 and 9].

Table 8.

Basal+insulin aspart±oral glucose-lowering drug safety data

Table 9.

Insulin dose

All parameters of glycaemic control improved from baseline to study end in those who started on or switched to basal + insulin aspart ± OGLDs for both insulin naïve and insulin user groups [Table 10].

Table 10.

Basal+insulin aspart±oral glucose-lowering drug efficacy data

Insulin detemir ± OGLD

On the total cohort, 270 patients who started on insulin detemir ± OGLD, of which 224 (83.0%) were insulin naïve and 46 (17.0%) were insulin users. After 24 weeks of starting or switching to biphasic insulin detemir, hypoglycaemic events reduced from 2.2 events/patient-year to 0.7 events/patient-year in insulin naïve group and from 4.8 events/patient-year to 2.1 events/patient-year in insulin users group. A small increase in body weight was observed. Quality of life improved at 24 weeks [Table 11 and 12].

Table 11.

Insulin detemir±oral glucose-lowering drug safety data

Table 12.

Insulin dose

All parameters of glycaemic control improved from baseline to study end in those who started on or were switched to insulin detemir ± OGLDs for both insulin-naïve and insulin user groups [Table 13].

Table 13.

Insulin detemir±oral glucose-lowering drug efficacy data

Insulin aspart ± OGLD

Of the total cohort, 85 patients who started on insulin aspart ± OGLD, of which 69 (81.2%) were insulin naïve and 16 (18.8%) were insulin users. After 24 weeks of treatment starting or switching to insulin aspart hypoglycaemic events reduced from 15.4 events/patient-year to 5.2 events/patient-year in insulin users group, while hypoglycaemia increased from 0.0 events/patient-year to 0.2 events/patient-year in insulin naïve group. An improvement in quality of life was observed after 24 weeks [Table 14 and 15].

Table 14.

Insulin aspart±oral glucose-lowering drug safety data

Table 15.

Insulin dose

All parameters of glycaemic control improved from baseline to study end in those who started on or were switched to insulin aspart ± OGLDs for both insulin naïve and insulin user groups [Table 16].

Table 16.

Insulin aspart±oral glucose-lowering drug efficacy data

CONCLUSION

Our study reports improved glycaemic control and quality of life following 24 weeks of treatment with any of the insulin analogues (biphasic insulin aspart; basal + insulin aspart; insulin detemir; insulin aspart) with or without OGLD. A slight increase in body weight was observed for the total cohort. SADRs including major hypoglycaemic events did not occur in any of the study patients. Though the findings are limited by number of patients, still the trend indicates that insulin analogues can be considered effective and possess a safe profile for treating type 2 diabetes in Tamil Nadu, India.