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Reported etiologies of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
| Genetics |
| IRF6 |
| ch8q24 |
| VAX1 |
| FGFR2 |
| BMP4 |
| Maternal risk factors |
| Smoking |
| Alcoholism |
| Pregestational diabetes |
| Gestational diabetes |
| Age >40 years |
| Folate deficiency |
| Zinc deficiency |
| Teratogens |
| Valproic acid |
| Phenytoin |
| Retinoic acid |
| Chemical solvents |
| Pesticides |
| Occupation-related (leather, shoemaking, healthcare) |
