Table 2.
Genetics |
IRF6 |
ch8q24 |
VAX1 |
FGFR2 |
BMP4 |
Maternal risk factors |
Smoking |
Alcoholism |
Pregestational diabetes |
Gestational diabetes |
Age >40 years |
Folate deficiency |
Zinc deficiency |
Teratogens |
Valproic acid |
Phenytoin |
Retinoic acid |
Chemical solvents |
Pesticides |
Occupation-related (leather, shoemaking, healthcare) |