Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae)
|
Whole plant
|
6-deoxyharpagide (1); raptoside (2)
|
Hepatitis; pneumonia; bone disease
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
COX-2 inhibition.
|
[46-48]
|
|
Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Standl. (Orobanchaceae)
|
Whole plant
|
Boschnaloside (3); 8-epideoxyloganic acid (4)
|
Antisenile agent
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 inhibtion.
|
[49-53]
|
|
Bouchea fluminensis (Vell.) Moldence (Verbenaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Lamiide (5)
|
Bowel stimulator; anti-inflammatory agent
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Inhibition of phospholipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity.
|
[56-58]
|
|
Catalpa ovata G. Don. (Bignoniaceae)
|
Stem
|
Catalposide (6)
|
Anti-inflammatory agent
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Inhibition of the production of TNF-α and NO with significant decreases in mRNA levels of TNF-α and inducible NO synthase.
|
[64-67]
|
Attenuates the induction of intestinal epithelial pro-inflammatory gene expression and reduces the severity of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. |
Inhibits the production of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the activation of nuclear factor-B. |
|
Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc (Cornaceae)
|
Fruit
|
Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG); morroniside (7); loganin (8); cornuside (10); 7-O-cinnamoyl-morroniside (11)
|
Anti-inflammatory and haemostasis-promoting agent
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Ihibition of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, iNOS and E-selectin expression, NO production, NFκB and COX-2.
|
[68-76]
|
Suppression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1. |
|
Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A.Raynal (Gentianaceae)
|
Whole plant
|
Swertiamarin (12)
|
Diabetes mellitus; rheumatism; ulcers; hernia; swelling; itching and anti-inflammatory agent
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective.
|
[45; 77-79]
|
Inhibits TBX2. |
|
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Eucommiaceae)
|
Bark and leaves
|
Aucubin (14); Genipin (16);
|
Diabetes mellitus; hypertension; anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Concentration-dependent inhibition on lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+/ascorbate.
|
[80-83]
|
Concentration-dependent inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression upon stimulation by lipopolysaccharide / interferon-g. |
Blockage of lipopolysaccharide indicating that it exhibits inhibitory effect on NO production through the inhibition of NFK-B activation. |
Promotes wound healing. |
|
Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis (Rubiaceae)
|
Fruit
|
Geniposide (13); Genipin (16)
|
Sedative; diuretic; cholagogue; antiphlogistic; anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidant and anti-thrombotic agent
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated iNOS expression or COX-2 promoter activity.
|
[84-92]
|
|
Gentiana lutea L. (Gentianaceae)
|
Roots
|
Gentiopicroside (18)
|
Gastric stimulation and anti-inflammatory agent
|
No
|
Yes
|
Reversal of NR2B over-expression during the chronic phases of persistent inflammation caused by hind paw administration of complete Freund’s adjuvant.
|
[45; 93-95]
|
|
Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. subsp. procumbens (Pedaliaceae)
|
Secondary tubers
|
Harpagoside (19); harpagide (20); 8-coumaroyl-harpagide (21); pagoside (22)
|
Rheumatism; arthritis; sores; ulcers and boils
|
Yes
|
No
|
Inhibition of the biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotrienes and TBX2.
|
[44; 96-108]
|
Suppression PGE2 synthesis and NO production by inhibiting LPS-stimulated enhancement of the COXe-2 and iNOS mRNAs expressions. |
|
Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Müll. Arg.) Woodson (Apocynaceae)
|
Bark; latex; leaves
|
Plumericin (23); isoplumericin (24)
|
Wound healing; laxative; hallocinogen; tumours; boils; oedema; arthritis; gastritis; verminosis
|
No
|
Yes
|
-
|
[109-111]
|
|
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae)
|
Bark; Fruit; Flower
|
Verminoside (25)
|
Psoriasis; eczema; venereal disease
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Verminoside inhibits iNOS expression and NO release in the LPS induced J774.A1 macrophage cell line.
|
[112-116]
|
|
Lamiophlomis rotate (Benth. ex Hook. f) (Lamiaceae)
|
Aerial parts; roots
|
Loganin (8) (and others)
|
Detumescence; haemostasis; pain alleviation; blood circulation promotion
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Lamiophlomis rotata injection increased phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal macrophages, and decreased the LPS-induced production of IL-1.
|
[117-118]
|
|
Mentzelia scabra subsp. chilensis (Gay) Weigend (Loasaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Mentzeloside (syn. deutzioside) (26)
|
Gastric ulcers; helminth infections
|
No
|
Yes
|
Dose-dependent inhibitory activity on carrageenan induced rat-paw oedema.
|
[119-120]
|
|
Phillyrea latifolia L.(Oleaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Oleuropeoside (27); ligustroside (28)
|
Oropharyngeal inflammation; burns; headaches
|
Yes
|
No
|
Inhibition of PGE2 release.
|
[121-123]
|
|
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Scrophulariaceae)
|
Root
|
Picroside II (29); picroside III (30); picroside V (31); 6-feruloyl catalpol (32); picroside I (34); kutkoside (35)
|
Jaundice; indigestion; common fever; acute viral hepatitis and bronchial asthma
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Stimulation of the cell-mediated and humoral components of the immune system.
|
[43; 124-129]
|
|
Plantago asiatica L. (Plantaginaceae)
|
Seeds
|
Aucubin (14)
|
Bronchitis; diarrhoea; constipation, wounds
|
No
|
Yes
|
Oral wound healing.
|
[83; 130-131]
|
|
Rehmannia glutinosa Steud.(Scrophulariaceae)
|
Root
|
Catalpol (15)
|
Contact dermatis and rhinitis; promotes blood circulation; improves kidney function
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Inhibition of the secretion of both TNF-α and IL-1.
|
[132-133]
|
Neuroprotective by attenuating LPS-induced the expression of iNOS. |
|
Russelia equisetiformis (Schltdl. & Cham.)
|
Whole plant
|
10-O-cinnamoyl sinuatol (36)
|
Diabetes; leukemia; pain and inflammation
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators.
|
[134-136]
|
|
Scrophularia auriculata ssp. pseudoauriculata, (Scrophulariaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Scropolioside A (38); scrovalentinoside (39)
|
Inflammatory skin diseases
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
In vivo scropolioside A reduces both oedema formation and cell infiltration whereas in vitro it reduces the proliferation of activated T-lymphocytes.
|
[39-40]
|
Inhibition of the production of PGE2, leukotriene B4, NO, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and interferon-γ. |
|
Scrophularia deserti Delile (Scrophulariaceae),
|
Aerial parts
|
Harpagoside (19); scropolioside-D2 (40); koelzioside (41)
|
Fever; kidney diseases; diabetes mellitus; inflammation of the mouth, lungs, large intestines, bladder and heart
|
No
|
Yes
|
-
|
[137-139]
|
|
Scrophularia frutescens L. (Scrophulariaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Harpagoside (19)
|
Joint and lower back pain and inflammation
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Hydrolysed products of harpagoside with glucosidase treatment showed a significant inhibitory effect on COX-2 activity.
|
[44; 140-141]
|
|
Scrophularia scorodonia L. (Scrophulariaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Aucubin (14);harpagoside (19); harpagide (20); 8-acetylharpagide (42); scorodioside (43); scropolioside B (44); bartsioside (45)
|
Inflammatory diseases
|
Yes
|
No
|
Inhibition of TXB2, PGE2 and LTC4 release.
|
[142-143]
|
|
Sideritis perfoliata L. subsp. perfoliata (Lamiaceae)
|
-
|
Ajugoside (46)
|
Rheumatism; ulcers; digestive disorders
|
Yes
|
No
|
Lipoxygenase inhibition.
|
[144]
|
|
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C. Rich) Vahl (Verbenaceae)
|
Flower; leaves; roots
|
Ipolamiide (47)
|
Pain; inflammation; fever; liver and gastric disturbances
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Inhibition of leukocyte accumulation and influx.
|
[56; 145-148]
|
Inhibitory effect on histamine and bradykinin. |
|
Syringa species(Oleaceae)
|
Leaves
|
Iridoid glycoside-rich fraction; Syringopicroside (48)
|
Acute enteritis; icteric hepatitis; acute mastitis; bacillary dysentery; upper respiratory tract infections
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Reduction of the activity of myeloperoxidase, depression of malondialdehyde and NO levels and inhibition of the protein and mRNA expressions of NFK-B and TNF-α and IL-6.
|
[149-151]
|
|
Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Aucubin (14); catalpol (15); geniposidic acid (17); ajugol (49)
|
Respiratory disorders; urinary tract infections; earache; inflammatory skin disorders
|
No
|
Yes
|
-
|
[155]
|
|
Verbascum mucronatum Lam (Scrophulariaceae)
|
-
|
Catalpol (15); ajugol (49); lasianthoside (50); picroside IV (51)
|
Respiratory disorders; urinary tract infections; earache and inflammatory skin disorders
|
-
|
Yes
|
-
|
[152; 156]
|
|
Verbascum pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor. (Scrophulariaceae)
|
Flowers
|
Ajugol (49); picroside IV (51)
|
Respiratory disorders; urinary tract infections; earache, inflammatory skin disorders
|
No
|
Yes
|
-
|
[157-158]
|
|
Verbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae)
|
Whole plant
|
Verbenalin (52)
|
Detoxing agent; diuretic; expectorant and anti-rheumatic
|
No
|
Yes
|
Topically and orally administered extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity in the TPA-induced ear inflammation model and in carrageenan-induced rat-paw oedema.
|
[159-163]
|
|
Veronica anagallis-aquatic L. (Plantaginaceae)
|
Aerial parts
|
Catalposide (6);veronicoside (53); verproside (54)
|
Influenza; pain; haemoptysis; laryngopharyngitis and hernia
|
-
|
Yes
|
Catalposide significantly inhibited the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses demonstrates that catalposide also suppressed the expression of the iNOS gene and protein and inhibited the activation of LPS-induced NF-κB.
|
[43; 66; 163]
|
|
Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer (Verbenaceae)
|
Root bark or young stem bark
|
Pedunculariside (55); agnuside (56)
|
Malaria type fever, especially black water fever
|
Yes
|
No
|
Selective inhibition of COX-2.
|
[164-165]
|