Table 3. Summary of studies assessing the association of obesity and cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease [12].

Study	N with PAD	Obesity Measure	Outcome Event	Median Follow-up, years	HR	95%CI	P	Conclusion
Barba et al. (2009) [28]	724	BMI≥20 kg/m2	Combined events: MI, ischaemic stroke, critical limb ischaemia, cardiovascular death	1.2	-	-	-	Inverse association between BMI and cardiovascular mortality
Bhatt et al. (2010) [6]	7191	BMI>30 kg/m2	Combined events: Cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, cardiovascular hospitalisation	4.0	-	-	-	BMI<20 had a higher incidence of major CVEs compared to BMI>20
Diehm et al. (2009) [27]	1 429	BMI≥30 kg/m2	Combined events: MI, coronary revascularization, stroke, carotid revascularization, or lower-extremity peripheral vascular events	5.0	1.05	0.90–1.22	-	BMI>30 kg/m2 was not associated with death or severe CVEs
Giugliano et al. (2010) [17]	190	BMI≥30 kg/m2; WC≥88 cm women, ≥102 cm male	Combined events: MI, angina, coronary revascularisation, Cerebrovascular event, peripheral limb ischaemia, cardiovascular death	2.6	1.08*	1.01–1.15	0.045	WC associated with CVEs but not BMI. Abdominal obesity and to a lesser extent general obesity confers a worse prognosis
Golledge et al. (2007) [2]	60	WC>80 cm female, >94 cm male; Additional measures: BMI (kg/m2); WHR	Combined events: Death, MI, stroke, coronary or peripheral revascularisation	2.0	1.16	1.08–1.26	<0.001	WC was associated with cardiovascular events
Golledge et al. (2013) [18]	1 472	BMI≥30 kg/m2	Death	1.4	0.59	0.41–0.85	0.005	Obesity associated with a reduced risk of death
Lakshmanan et al. (2010) [26]	193	WHR>0.9	Cardiovascular death	5.7	0.93	0.72–1.20	-	Cardiovascular mortality was not associated with WHR>0.9
Reid et al. (2012) [5]	256	BMI≥30 kg/m2	Combined events: Death, MI, stroke, hospitalisation for cardiac procedure	1.0	-	-	-	Obese cases had a lower incidence of major CVEs compared to overweight and ideal BMI cases

PAD, peripheral artery disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; MI, myocardial infarction; CVE, cardiovascular event;

Model incorporating BMI and waist circumference.