Table 1. Predictions for patterns of change in external morphological variables for the climbing goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni relative to increasing elevation, with results of comparisons of variance and ANOVAs for S. stimpsoni across an elevational gradient of collection localities from Nanue Stream, Island of Hawai’i.
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Expected (Blob et al. 2010) change in trait mean from low to high elevation based on selection gradients
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Homogeneity of variance
2
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ANOVA groupings of sites3 (sample size)
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Observed change low to high elevation | Differences correspond to selection pattern predictions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomical variable1 | Direction | Significant? | Presence (F, p) | Decrease low to high elevation? | N1 (50) | N2 (30) | N3 (35) | N4 (21) | (F, p) | |
| Head height (1) | Increase | Yes | Yes | N. A. | A | B | BC | C | Decrease | No |
| (1.105, 0.350) | (19.980, <0.001) | |||||||||
| Pectoral fin base length (2) | Increase | Yes | Yes | N. A. | AB | A | BC | C | Nonmonotonic | No |
| (0.460, 0.710) | (3.183, 0.0261) | |||||||||
| Mid-body height (3) | Decrease | No | Yes | N. A. | A | B | C | AB | Nonmonotonic | No |
| (1.134, 0.338) | (16.583, <0.001) | |||||||||
| Caudal peduncle height (4) | Increase | No | Yes | N. A. | A | AB | B | B | Decrease | No |
| (1.206, 0.310) | (3.236, 0.024) | |||||||||
| 1st dorsal fin base length (5) | Increase | No | Yes | N. A. | B | A | B | C | Nonmonotonic | No |
| (0.772, 0.511) | (7.823, <0.001) | |||||||||
| 2nd dorsal fin base length (6) | Increase | No | Yes | N. A. | A | AB | AB | A | N. S. | Yes |
| (0.370, 0.775) | (2.544, 0.059) | |||||||||
| Anal fin base length (7) | Increase | Yes | Yes | N. A. | A | A | AB | B | Decrease | No |
| (1.244; 0.297) | (3.90, 0.011) | |||||||||
| Head length (8) | Increase | No | Yes | N. A. | B | A | B | B | Nonmonotonic | No |
| (0.906, 0.440) | (5.340, 0.002) | |||||||||
| Trunk length (9) | Decrease | No | Yes | N. A. | AB | B | AB | A | N. S. | Yes |
| (0.879, 0.454) | (2.241, 0.089) | |||||||||
| Head width (10) | Increase | No | No | Yes | A | AB | B | B | Decrease | No |
| (7.889, <0.001) | (6.122, 0.001) | |||||||||
| Trunk width (11) | Increase | Yes | Yes | N. A. | A | AB | B | A | Nonmonotonic | No |
| (1.944, 0.126) | (2.952, 0.035) | |||||||||
| Anal width (12) | Decrease | Yes | No | No | A | AB | B | A | Nonmonotonic | No |
| (4.360, 0.006) | (4.137, 0.008) | |||||||||
| Pectoral fin length (13) | Decrease | Yes | Yes | N. A. | A | A | A | A | N. S. | No |
| (0.497, 0.685) | (1.117, 0.345) | |||||||||
| Sucker width (14) | Increase | Yes | Yes | N. A. | A | A | A | A | N. S. | No |
| (0.842, 0.473) | (1.671, 0.176) | |||||||||
| Sucker length (15) | Decrease | No | Yes | N. A. | A | B | B | B | Decrease | Yes5 |
| (1.004, 0.393) | (4.955, 0.003) | |||||||||
| Tail length (16) | Decrease | No | No | No | A | AB | AB | B | N. S. | Yes |
| (4.371, 0.006) | (1.637, 0.184) | |||||||||
| Fineness ratio | Increase4 | Yes | Yes | N. A. | B | B | AB | A | Increase | Yes |
| (0.560, 0.642) | (3.065, 0.030) | |||||||||
Note: Sample sizes for each collection locality: N1, N=50; N2, N=30; N3, N=35; N4, N=21 1.See Figure 2 for illustration of these variables coded by numbers in parentheses 2.p values reported for tests of homogeneity of variance derived from Levene’s test 3.Alphabetical designations for the ANOVA groupings of sites follow the rank of mean values, with earlier letters indicating higher means 4.Selection gradients are not available for this variable (Kawano et al., 2013), so prediction was based on selection differentials 5.Observed pattern of change occurs in the same direction as that predicted by selection gradient but was not significant in selection experiments, whereas it was significant comparing low and high stream localities.