TABLE 4.
Clinical manifestations of ReA and their frequencya
| Clinical manifestation | Symptom (frequency [%]) |
|---|---|
| Peripheral arthritis syndrome | Large lower limb nondestructive acute asymmetric oligoarthritis |
| Chronic-recurrent arthritis (15-30%) | |
| Sausage digits (16%) | |
| Enthesopatic syndrome | Heel pain, Achilles tendonitis, pain at the tibial tubercle (30%) |
| Pelvic and axial syndrome | Inflammatory low back pain: sacroiliitis (14-49%), spondylitis (12-26%), inflammation of ligamentous or tendinous insertions in the ischial tuberosity (15-30%) |
| Extramusculoskeletal syndrome | Eye: conjunctivitis (35%), iritis (5%); keratitis, corneal ulceration, epiescleritis, retrobulbar neuritis and hyphema |
| Genitourinary: urethritis, prostatitis (80%), hemorrhagic cystitis, cervicitis | |
| Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, endoscopic “bowel lesions” (25-70%) | |
| Skin: keratoderma blennorrhagica (5-30%), circinate balanitis (20-4%), oral ulcers (5-10%), hyperkeratotic nails (6-12%), erythema nodosum | |
| Cardiovascular system: aortic disease, EKG conduction abnormalities (5-14%) | |
| Central nervous system peripheral/cranial nerve palsy, Parsonage Turner syndrome, motor deficits. | |
| Renal: proteinuria, microhematuria, aseptic pyuria, glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy |