Table 1.
Pharmacological effects of Allium sativum
| System | Effect | Preparation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibacterial | Staphylococcus aureus | Aqueous, ethanol, chloroform extract | EL-mahmood, 2009 (5) |
| Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi | Aqueous and ethanolic extract | Ankri and Mirelman, 1999 (10) | |
| Bacillus subtilis, Kelebsiella pneumoniae | Aqueous, methanol and ethanol extract | Meriga et al, 2012; Pundir et al, 2010 (11, 12) | |
| Helicobacter pylori | Extract | Liu et al, 2010 (13) | |
| Sal enteritidis | Extract | Benkeblia, 2004 (14) | |
| Shigella sp, Proteus mirabilis | Extract | Eja et al, 2007 (2) | |
| Actinobacillus pleuro pneumonia serotype 9 | Extract | Becker et al, 2012 (17) | |
| Streptococcus mutan | Extract | Loesche, 1986 (18) | |
| Antiviral |
Human cytomegalo virus(HCMV),
Influenza B, Herpes simplex virus type 1-2, Parainfluenza virus type 3, vaccine virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Human rhino virus type 2 |
Not mentioned | Ankri and Mirelman, 1999 (10) |
| Antifungal | Candidia albicans, C. tropicalis, Blastoschizomyces capitatus | Extract | Avato et al., 2000 (26) |
| Botr. cinerea, Trichoderma harzianum | Extract | Lanzotti et al., 2012 (8) | |
| Ascosphaera apis | Essential oil vapors | Kloucek et al., 2012 (27) | |
| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | Extract | Thomaz et al., 2008 (30) | |
| Aspergillus niger | Extract | Matsuura and Nakagawa, 1987 (31) | |
| Dermatophytes, saprophytes | Ethanol extract | Shamim et al., 2004 (32) | |
|
Cryptococcal
Botr. cinerea, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Physalospara piricola |
Alcoholic extract Extract |
Khan and Katiyar, 2000 Wang and Ng, 2001 (34) |
|
| Anti-parasitic | Trypanosoma sp, Entamoeba hirtolytica, Giardia lamblia | Extract | Lun et al, 1994 (39) |
|
Trypa. Cruzi
Plasmodium spp, Giardia spp, |
Extract | Gallwitz et al, 1999 (40) | |
| Leishmania spp, Cochlospermum planchomi | Extract | Anthony et al, 2005 (42) | |
| Hymenolepiasis, Giardiasis | Aqueous extract | Soffar and Mokhtar, 1991 (43) | |
| Haemonchus contortus | Ethanol, dichloro methane and water extract | Ahmed et al, 2012 (44) | |
| Cardiovascular | Hypotensive via increasing nitric oxide synthesis | Extract | Al-Qattan et al, 2006 (63) |
| Hypotensive (endothelial dependent and independent) | Not mentioned | Fallon et al, 1998 (72) | |
| Induces vasodilation with H2S | Extract | Ginter and Simko, 2010 (76) | |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibiting activity | Aqueous extract | Sener et al, 2007 (62) | |
| Stimulation of nitric oxide generation in endothelial cells | Garlic derived polysulfides | Ginter and Simko, 2010 (76) | |
| Bradycardia | Aqueous extract | Nwokocha et al, 2011(59) | |
| Hepatopulmonary syndrome | Garlic powder | Theveno et al, 2009 (81) | |
| Decreases systolic blood pressure | Aged garlic | Harauma and Moriguchi, 2006 (64) | |
| Vasorelaxant | Not mentioned | Zahid Ashraf et al, 2005 (65) | |
| Coronary artery disease | Extract | Verma et al, 2005 (67) | |
| Reduce myocardial infarction, Shoke | Not mentioned | Yang et al, 2011 (68) | |
| Anti-thrombotic | Extract and derived | Choi and Park, 2012 (108) | |
| Anti-atherosclerotic | Volatiles derived | Calvo-Gómez et al, 2004 (90) | |
| Blood | hypolipemic effect | Capsule of garlic preparation | Duda et al, 2008 (61) |
| Hypolipidemia, Hypocholesterolaemic, Hypotriacylglyceride |
Extract | Kuda et al, 2004 (124) | |
| Hypoglycemic | Extract | Sengupta et al, 2004 (128) | |
| Hypolipidemic | Organosulfur compound | Lii et al, 2012 (139) | |
| Immune system | Immunomodulation | Extract | Chandrashekar and Venkatesh, 2012 (160) |
| All | Anti-inflammatory | Extract | Ben et al, 2012 |
| Antioxidant properties | Organo sulfur compound in aged garlic | Cruz et al, 2007 (77) |