Table 2.
Mean 2-Year Costs per Patient in Intervention and Usual Care Groups
| Cost Categories | Full Sample
|
Low Risk of Hospitalization
|
High Risk of Hospitalization
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n =474) | Usual Care (n =477) | P-Value | Intervention (n =362) | Usual Care (n =363) | P-Value | Intervention (n =112) | Usual Care (n =114) | P-Value | |
|
|
|
|
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| Mean $ ± SD | Mean $ ± SD | Mean $ ± SD | |||||||
| Acute care | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Emergency department visits | 485 ± 741 | 541 ± 1,048 | .37 | 435 ± 737 | 448 ± 1,055 | .46 | 646 ± 734 | 836 ± 976 | .23 |
|
| |||||||||
| Hospital admissions | 5,080 ± 12,987 | 6,181 ± 13,511 | .10 | 4,380 ± 12,197 | 4,438 ± 11,359 | .11 | 7,343 ± 15,102 | 11,731 ± 17,742 | <.001* |
|
| |||||||||
| Total | 5,565 ± 13,368 | 6,722 ± 13,912 | .86 | 4,815 ± 12,582 | 4,886 ± 11,701 | .66 | 7,989 ± 15,457 | 12,566 ± 18,205 | .83 |
|
| |||||||||
| Chronic and preventive care | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care of Elders intervention | 2,438 ± 397 | 0 ± 0 | — | 2,359 ± 286 | 0 ± 0 | — | 2,691 ± 566 | 0 ± 0 | — |
|
| |||||||||
| Primary care | 2,239 ± 1,887 | 2,262 ± 1,998 | .89 | 2,190 ± 1,737 | 2,215 ± 1,957 | .63 | 2,397 ± 2,307 | 2,415 ± 2,126 | .64 |
|
| |||||||||
| Specialty care | 2,584 ± 2,820 | 1,899 ± 2,818 | <.001* | 2,533 ± 2,657 | 1,695 ± 2,654 | <.001* | 2,748 ± 3,299 | 2,549 ± 3,213 | .49 |
|
| |||||||||
| Procedures | 803 ± 1,145 | 728 ± 1,384 | .002* | 774 ± 1,166 | 624 ± 996 | <.001* | 898 ± 1,074 | 1,057 ± 2,178 | .22 |
|
| |||||||||
| Rehabilitation services | 181 ± 516 | 121 ± 795 | <.001* | 171 ± 414 | 140 ± 904 | <.001* | 214 ± 758 | 58 ± 190 | <.001* |
|
| |||||||||
| Mental health | 538 ± 2,221 | 103 ± 719 | <.001* | 464 ± 1,759 | 94 ± 565 | <.001* | 776 ± 3,298 | 132 ± 1,073 | <.001* |
|
| |||||||||
| Total | 8,783 ± 5,218 | 5,113 ± 4,411 | <.001* | 8,492 ± 4,838 | 4,768 ± 4,172 | <.001* | 9,724 ± 6,224 | 6,210 ± 4,962 | <.001* |
|
| |||||||||
| Total costs | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Year 1 | 7,917 ± 10,457 | 6,163 ± 10,044 | .04 | 7,050 ± 9,171 | 4,814 ± 7,933 | <.001* | 10,719 ± 13,493 | 10,455 ± 14,104 | .49 |
|
| |||||||||
| Year 2† | 6,685 ± 9,397 | 5,881 ± 10,900 | .01 | 6,453 ± 9,402 | 4,949 ± 9,593 | <.001* | 7,460 ± 9,381 | 9,034 ± 14,074 | .82 |
|
| |||||||||
| 2-year total | 14,348 ± 15,008 | 11,834 ± 15,567 | .20 | 13,307 ± 14,286 | 9,654 ± 13,429 | .01 | 17,713 ± 16,776 | 18,776 ± 19,472 | .38 |
Costs were calculated by multiplying charges by the cost-to-charge ratio for the relevant calendar year and cost center.
*
P-value remained significant (P≤.05) after multiplicity adjustment using the Bonferroni correction.
†
Thirty-five patients who died in Year 1 (18 intervention and 17 usual care) were not included in the Year 2 full-sample calculations. Nineteen patients who died in Year 1 (11 intervention and 8 usual care) were not included in the Year 2 low-risk-of-hospitalization calculations. Sixteen patients who died in Year 1 (7 intervention and 9 usual care) were not included in the Year 2 high-risk-of-hospitalization calculations.
SD =standard deviation.