Table 3.

Quality Measures and Covariates

Measure	%	M (SD)
Resident-level quality measures
Physical restraints (N = 5,209)	10
Toileting program (N = 5,242)	39
Active or passive range of motion training (N = 5,205)	12
ADL training (N = 5,205)	9
ADL decline (N = 4,076)	20
Worsening bowel or bladder incontinence (N = 2,929)	31
Worsening behavior problems (N = 4,533)	12
Resident-level covariates (N = 5,242)
Ability to make self understood		0.98 (1.07)
ADL score at time of study		15.62 (8.80)
Age		83.05 (11.79)
Anxiety disorder	15
Behavior score at time of study		1.21 (2.15)
Cognitive Performance Scale score		3.07 (1.82)
Dementia	56
Extensive/total eating assistance	28
Female	76
Day gap between STM study and STM assessment		−0.2 (24.2)
Day gap between STM assessment and follow-up assessment		90.4 (19.3)
Hemiplegia/hemiparesis	8
Length of stay <45 days	8
Moderately/severely impaired decision making	81
Motor agitation	22
Personal Severity Index score		4.94 (1.77)
RUG Clinically Complex category	16
RUG Rehabilitation category	6
RUG Special Care/Extensive category	12
Self-locomotion on unit score		1.98 (1.66)
Sum of range of motion limitations		1.98 (2.87)
Unit-level covariates (N = 157)
State – Colorado	11
State – Indiana	32
State – Mississippi	17
State – Minnesota	40
Alzheimer’s special care unit	29
Mean Cognitive Performance Scale score		3.08 (0.93)
Mean ADL score		15.26 (3.74)
% RUG Clinically Complex	16	(10.0)
% RUG Special Care/Extensive	11	(12.1)
% RUG Rehabilitation	9	(15.3)

Note: ADL = activity of daily living; STM = Staff Time Measurement Study; RUG = Resource Utilization Group III.