Fig. 3.

Radiologic assessment. (A) Ulnar shortening: measured by a line drawn from the distal end of the ulna to the linear axis. Radial bowing: the distance that the radial diaphysis deviates from the linear axis of the forearm divided by the length of the linear axis. (B) The ulna tilt of the distal radial articular surface was recorded as the radial articular angle. The ulna drift of the carpus was assessed by the carpal slip. RL, radial length; RB, radial bowing; CS, carpal slip; RAA, radial articular angle; US, ulna shortening.