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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 30.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Linguist Phon. 2013 Jan 22;27(3):10.3109/02699206.2012.736011. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2012.736011

Table 4.

Mean z scores (number of participants) and standard deviations for the affected and unaffected group and group differences (t test results, effect sizes) for the variables of interest, by sequential processing load (mostly low vs. mostly high).

Sequencing loads (encode, store, plan/program) Variable Affected z score Affected SD Unaffected z score Unaffected SD t Test t t Test p Effect size
L, L, L DDK Monosyllables 0.00 (7) 1.01 0.66 (11) 0.63 −1.73 0.0518 −0.85
L, L, L Keyboard Repetitive Tapping 0.34 (7) 0.86 0.43 (11) 0.77 −0.22 0.4126 −0.11
L, L, N/A Nonverbal Processing Index: OIO, WHM 0.90 (7) 0.82 1.55 (10) 0.89 −1.55 0.0716 −0.76
L, L, L-H Reading: Word Identification 0.02 (7) 1.05 −0.05 (10) 0.44 0.18 0.5697 0.10
Average 0.32 0.93 0.65 0.68 0.83 0.2764 0.41
L, H, H DDK Multisyllables −0.94 (7) 1.43 0.39 (11) 0.42 −2.94 0.0048 −1.64
H, H, L-H RAN 0.26 (7) 0.95 1.06 (10) 0.43 −2.34 0.0167 −1.23
H, H, L-H RAS 0.30 (7) 0.88 0.95 (10) 0.45 −1.99 0.0327 −1.03
H, H, H Nonword Imitation: NWR −0.89 (6) 1.00 −0.30 (11) 0.82 −1.30 0.1064 −0.66
H, H, H Nonword Imitation: NRT −1.35 (7) 3.53 0.84 (11) 0.97 −1.97 0.0332 −1.11
H, H, L Nonword Imitation: SRT −1.57 (8) 2.98 −0.33 (11) 0.98 −1.31 0.1046 −0.68
GW: L, L, N/A VRZ: H, H, N/A Verbal Processing Index: GW, VRZ 0.35 (8) 0.98 0.80 (11) 0.70 −1.18 0.1281 −0.55
Reading: Word Attack 0.01 (7) 0.88 0.46 (10) 0.40 −1.44 0.0849 −0.76
Spelling −0.35 (7) 0.81 0.43 (10) 0.80 −1.99 0.0328 −0.98
Average 0.46 1.49 0.48 0.66 1.83 0.0605 0.96

Notes: L, low sequential processing load; H, high sequential processing load; N/A, does not apply; OIO, odd item out, WHM, What’s Missing; GW, guess what; VRZ, verbal reasoning.