Table 4.
Mean z scores (number of participants) and standard deviations for the affected and unaffected group and group differences (t test results, effect sizes) for the variables of interest, by sequential processing load (mostly low vs. mostly high).
Sequencing loads (encode, store, plan/program) | Variable | Affected z score | Affected SD | Unaffected z score | Unaffected SD | t Test t | t Test p | Effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L, L, L | DDK Monosyllables | 0.00 (7) | 1.01 | 0.66 (11) | 0.63 | −1.73 | 0.0518 | −0.85 |
L, L, L | Keyboard Repetitive Tapping | 0.34 (7) | 0.86 | 0.43 (11) | 0.77 | −0.22 | 0.4126 | −0.11 |
L, L, N/A | Nonverbal Processing Index: OIO, WHM | 0.90 (7) | 0.82 | 1.55 (10) | 0.89 | −1.55 | 0.0716 | −0.76 |
L, L, L-H | Reading: Word Identification | 0.02 (7) | 1.05 | −0.05 (10) | 0.44 | 0.18 | 0.5697 | 0.10 |
Average | 0.32 | 0.93 | 0.65 | 0.68 | −0.83 | 0.2764 | −0.41 | |
L, H, H | DDK Multisyllables | −0.94 (7) | 1.43 | 0.39 (11) | 0.42 | −2.94 | 0.0048 | −1.64 |
H, H, L-H | RAN | 0.26 (7) | 0.95 | 1.06 (10) | 0.43 | −2.34 | 0.0167 | −1.23 |
H, H, L-H | RAS | 0.30 (7) | 0.88 | 0.95 (10) | 0.45 | −1.99 | 0.0327 | −1.03 |
H, H, H | Nonword Imitation: NWR | −0.89 (6) | 1.00 | −0.30 (11) | 0.82 | −1.30 | 0.1064 | −0.66 |
H, H, H | Nonword Imitation: NRT | −1.35 (7) | 3.53 | 0.84 (11) | 0.97 | −1.97 | 0.0332 | −1.11 |
H, H, L | Nonword Imitation: SRT | −1.57 (8) | 2.98 | −0.33 (11) | 0.98 | −1.31 | 0.1046 | −0.68 |
GW: L, L, N/A VRZ: H, H, N/A | Verbal Processing Index: GW, VRZ | 0.35 (8) | 0.98 | 0.80 (11) | 0.70 | −1.18 | 0.1281 | −0.55 |
Reading: Word Attack | 0.01 (7) | 0.88 | 0.46 (10) | 0.40 | −1.44 | 0.0849 | −0.76 | |
Spelling | −0.35 (7) | 0.81 | 0.43 (10) | 0.80 | −1.99 | 0.0328 | −0.98 | |
Average | −0.46 | 1.49 | 0.48 | 0.66 | −1.83 | 0.0605 | −0.96 |
Notes: L, low sequential processing load; H, high sequential processing load; N/A, does not apply; OIO, odd item out, WHM, What’s Missing; GW, guess what; VRZ, verbal reasoning.