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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2013 Sep 3;85(3):908–923. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12143

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cross-lagged associations between parents' harsh verbal discipline and adolescent depressive symptoms across two waves. Standardized path coefficients are presented. The model controlled for adolescents' gender, ethnicity, parental physical discipline, parenting stress, parental depression, parent education, family income, and parental warmth; **p < .01, ***p < .001 Note. We fit the models simultaneously for conduct problem and depressive symptoms but presented the results separately for clarity.