Table 3.

Descriptive characteristics of studies by sample type

	Population-based (n = 15)	Community-based (n = 7)	Clinic-based (n = 8)	Convenience (n = 7)
Risk factors for PTSD	Exposure to violence and atrocities, combat experience, substance abuse, existing psychiatric disorder, CSA, adult physical or sexual abuse; parental depression, alcoholism, or violence; education beyond high school	Lifetime nicotine dependence, sexual trauma, experiencing 6 or more traumas, combat experience (for men), low family support, participation in clean-up activities, and a decline in subsistence activities after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill	Minority status, substance abuse, younger age, unmarried status, combat experience (for men), CAN, severe IPV, high debt, family history of alcohol abuse, interpersonal violence.	Minority status, interpersonal violence, child abuse, family history of alcoholism, combat experience, alcohol dependence, bereavement, IPV and physical assault (for women), having experienced more than 10 traumatic events (for men).
Conditions comorbid with PTSD	Higher cortisol levels in women, cardiovascular disease, nightmares, substance abuse, bodily pain	Depressive symptoms, pathological gambling, lifetime nicotine dependence, ASPD	Substance abuse, alcohol abuse, other mental health disorders	Depression, dysphoria, risky sexual behavior, alcohol dependence, general health problems
Treatment for PTSD	Remission from nicotine dependence, remission from substance abuse, traditional Native spiritual practices, traditional Native healers	Remission from pathological gambling	Use of traditional healers recommended for some cases	Traditional Native spiritual practices, traditional Native healers