Figure 2.

Phenolic choline esters content in seeds of β-oxidation mutants. Compounds were identified based on the data of Böttcher et al. (2009). A to C, BA-containing choline esters HBAC1 (CAS no. 1050631-62-3), HBAC2 (CAS no. 1050631-92-9), and HBAC3 (CAS no. 1050631-96-3). D, Sinapoyl choline (CAS no. 18696-26-9). Structures are provided for the specific metabolites. Values are averages from eight individual parent plants for each genotype. Error bars represent sd (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ANOVA). The data are presented as peak areas (of extracted ion traces) × 10⁻⁶ mg⁻¹ seed sample but are not further normalized, as described in “Materials and Methods.” As the analyses are only strictly comparable among samples run in the same batch, different types of shading identify the batches of mutants and wild types grown and analyzed together. Plants were grown under long-day conditions, except those marked with asterisks after their name, which were grown in short days. The full data set including other sinapoyl choline esters is provided in Supplemental Table S3, and β-oxidation mutant details are provided in Supplemental Table S1. E, Structures of other analyzed phenolic choline esters: (i) 5-hydroxyferuloylcholine (CAS no. 1191425-45-2); (ii) feruloylcholine-5-8′ cross-coupled to coniferyl alcohol (CAS no.1050631-58-7); (iii) sinapoylcholine-4-O-8′ coupled to coniferyl alcohol (CAS no. 1050631-54-3).