Table 1.
Prospective observational studies of magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes.
| Author (Year) | Study/Population | Total No. (No. Cases) | Follow-up (Years) | Association 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dong et al. (2011) [3] | Meta-analysis of 13 studies through 2011 | 536,318 (24,516) | 4–20 | RR = 0.78 (0.73–0.84) |
| Schulze et al. (2007) [49] | Meta-analysis of 8 studies through 2006 | 271,869 (9192) | 4–16 | RR = 0.77 (0.72–0.84) |
| Larsson and Wolk (2007) [44] | Meta-analysis of 7 studies 1966–2007 | 286,668 (10,915) | 4–17 | RR per 100 mg/day = 0.85 (0.79–0.92) |
| Hruby et al. (2013) [50] | ~54 years old; Framingham Heart Study (US) | 2582 (179) | 7 | RR = 0.49 (0.27–0.88), p trend = 0.01 |
| Hopping et al. (2010) [51] | 45–75 years old; Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study (US) | 75,512 (8587) | 14 | Men HR = 0.77 (0.70–0.85), p trend < 0.0001; Women HR = 0.84 (0.76–0.93), p trend = 0.0003 |
| Kim et al. (2010) [42] | 18–30 years old; Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (US) | 4497 (330) | 20 | HR = 0.53 (0.32–0.86), p trend < 0.01 |
| Kirii et al. (2010) [52] | 40–65 years old; Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (Japan) | 17,592 (459) | 5 | OR = 0.64 (0.44 to 0.94), p trend = 0.04 |
| Nanri et al. (2010) [53] | 45–75 years old; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (Japan) | 59,791 (1114) | 5 | Men OR = 0.86 (0.63–1.16), p ≥ 0.05; Women OR = 0.92 (0.66–1.28), p ≥ 0.05 |
| Villegas et al. (2009) [47] | ~50 years old; Shanghai Women’s Health Study (China) | 64,191 (2270) | 7 | HR = 0.80 (0.68, 0.93), p trend < 0.0001 |
| Schulze et al. (2007) [49] | 35–65 years old; EPIC–Potsdam (Germany) | 25,067 (844) | 11 | RR = 0.90 (0.72–1.12), p trend = 0.44 |
| He et al. (2006) [54] 2 | 18–30 years old; Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (US) | 4637 (226) | 15 | HR = 0.51 (0.32–0.83), p trend < 0.01 |
| van Dam et al. (2006) [48] | ~38 years old; Black Women’s Health Study (US) | 41,186 (1964) | 8 | HR = 0.65 (0.54–0.78), p trend < 0.0001 |
| Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2004) [45] | ~46 years old; Nurses’ Health Study (US) | 85,060 (4085) | 18 | RR = 0.66 (0.60–0.73), p trend < 0.001 |
| Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2004) [45] | ~54 years old; Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study (US) | 42,872 (1333) | 12 | RR = 0.67 (0.56–0.80), p trend < 0.001 |
| Hodge et al. (2004) [55] | ~54 years old; Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (Australia) | 31,641 (365) | 4 | OR per 500 mg/day = 0.62 (0.43–0.90) |
| Song et al. (2004) [41] | ~54 years old; Women’s Health Study (US) | 39,345 (918) | 6 | RR = 0.89 (0.71–1.10), p trend = 0.05 |
| Meyer et al. (2000) [56] | ~61.5 years old; Iowa Women’s Health Study (US) | 35,988 (1141) | 6 | RR = 0.67 (0.55–0.82), p trend = 0.0003 |
| Kao et al. (1999) [57] | ~53 years old; Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (US) | 12,128 (1106) | 6 | Black OR = 1.02 (0.58–1.76) 3, p trend = 0.68; White OR = 0.93 (0.67–1.29) 3, p trend = 0.84 |
1 Reporting the multivariate-adjusted association (95% confidence interval) for high versus low intake, unless otherwise specified; 2 Primary study outcome was metabolic syndrome, of which impaired fasting glucose and/or type 2 diabetes was included as a component; 3 Highest intake category is reference category; presenting association reported for lowest intake category. HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk.