Table 2.
Cross-sectional studies of magnesium intake and type 2 diabetes or glycemia-related traits.
| Author (Year) | Study/Population | No. | Outcome and Association 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hruby et al. (2013) [58] | Meta-analysis of 15 studies (US and Europe) | 52,684 | FG β per 50 mg/day: −0.009 mmol/L (−0.013, −0.005), p < 0.0001; FI β per 50 mg/day: −0.020 ln-pmol/L (−0.024, −0.017), p < 0.0001 |
| Cahill et al. (2013) [59] | ~43 years old; Complex Diseases in the Newfoundland Population: Environment and Genetics Study (Canada) | 2295 | FG low vs. high intake: 5.18 vs. 5.17 mmol/L, p trend ≥ 0.05; FI low vs. high intake: 72.8 vs. 60.6 pmol/L, p trend < 0.001; HOMA-IR low vs. high intake: 2.5 vs. 2.1 units, p trend = 0.003; HOMA-β low vs. high intake: 142.4 vs. 116.2 units, p trend < 0.001 |
| McKeown et al. (2008) [60] 2 | ~72 years old (elderly) (US) | 535 | IFG/T2D OR high vs. low intake: 0.41 (0.22–0.77), p trend = 0.005 |
| Ford et al. (2007) [61] 2 | ~43 years old; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (US) | 7669 | IFG/T2D OR high vs. low intake: 0.85 (0.57–1.28), p trend = 0.371 |
| Bo et al. (2006) [62] | 45–64 years old; (Italy) | 1653 | T2D OR low vs. high intake: 4.3, p trend < 0.001; HOMA-IR low vs. high intake: 0.5 vs. 0.4 units, p trend < 0.001; FG 3 low vs. high intake: 112.1 vs. 99.8 mg/dL, p trend < 0.001; FI 3 low vs. high intake: 1.9 vs. 1.7 uU/mL, p trend < 0.001 |
| Rumawas et al. (2006) [35] | ~54 years old; Framingham Heart Study (US) | 2708 | FG low vs. high intake: 94.8 vs. 94.9 mg/dL, p trend = 0.41; FI low vs. high intake: 29.9 vs. 26.7 uU/mL, p trend < 0.001; 2h OGTT glucose low vs. high intake: 104.4 vs. 100.7 mg/dL, p trend = 0.04; 2h OGTT insulin low vs. high intake: 86.4 vs. 72 mU/mL, p trend < 0.001; HOMA-IR low vs. high intake: 7.0 vs. 6.2 units, p trend < 0.001 |
| Song et al. (2005) [63] 2 | ~52 years old; Women’s Health Study (US) | 9887 | Prevalence 3 IFG/T2D low vs. high intake: 5.0% vs. 3.3%, p trend = 0.005 |
| Huerta et al. (2005) [38] 4 | ~13 years old (US) | 48 | Correlation, r, HOMA-IR: −0.43 (−0.64 to −0.16), p = 0.002; Correlation, r, FI: −0.43 (−0.64 to −0.16), p = 0.002; Correlation, r, QUICKI: 0.43 (0.16-0.64), p = 0.002; Correlation, r, IS: Not significant, association not specified |
| Song et al. (2004) [41] | ~55 years old; Women’s Health Study (US) | 349 | Geometric mean FI low vs. high intake: 42.1 vs. 38.5 pmol/L, p trend = 0.08; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2: 53.5 vs. 41.5 pmol/L, p trend = 0.03; BMI < 25 kg/m2: 34.8 vs. 33.0 pmol/L, p trend = 0.22 |
| Fung et al. (2003) [36] | 45–60 years old; Nurses’ Health Study (US) | 219 | Geometric mean FI low vs. high intake: 11.0 vs. 9.3 μU/mL, p trend = 0.04 |
| Ma et al. (1995) [43] | 45–64 years old; Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (US) | 15,248 | Mean difference FI high vs. low intake: White men, 13 pmol/L, p < 0.001; Black men, 2 pmol/L, p = 0.72; White women, 12 pmol/L, p < 0.001; Black women, 27 pmol/L, p < 0.001; Mean difference FG high vs. low intake: Not specified |
| Manolio et al. (1991) [64] | 18–30 years old; Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (US) | 3287 | Correlation, r, FI: −0.08 to −0.13, p < 0.01; FI β per mg/1000 kcal: −0.0006 ln-μU/mL, p = 0.0006 |
1 In a given line, the outcome is listed first, followed by the multivariate-adjusted association [e.g., beta coefficient (β), odds ratio (OR), etc.], as specified. FG, fasting glucose; FI, fasting insulin; HOMA-β or -IR, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function or insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IS, insulin sensitivity; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; OR, odds ratio; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; T2D, type 2 diabetes. 2 Primary study outcome was metabolic syndrome, of which impaired fasting glucose and/or type 2 diabetes was included as a component. 3 Unadjusted or crude association. 4 Case-control study.