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. 2013 Dec 18;14(12):24603–24618. doi: 10.3390/ijms141224603

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 4. — Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in bladder cancer cells. 5637 and T24 cells were treated with 5 mM metformin for the indicated time and the lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. (A,C) Effects of metformin on the phosphorylation of AMPK in 5637 (A) and T24 cells (C); and (B,D) Effects of metformin on mTOR signaling in 5637 (B) and T24 cells (D). Data shown are representative of three independent experiments.