Fig. 2.

The effect of 9/11 on the rate of donations to federal political campaigns among victims’ families and neighbors. Each dot represents a difference of means between treatment and control groups, shown with a 95% confidence interval. Regression-based estimates of the treatment effects, with controls and clustered SEs, are shown in SI Text. A dot at 0.03 can be interpreted as meaning that 9/11 families donated to campaigns at a rate 3 percentage points higher than their comparison group in a particular election cycle. Of the pre-9/11 records matched to post-9/11 Federal Election Commission (FEC) donation files, observation counts are 6,742 for family members (treatment and control) and 56,757 for neighbors (treatment and control).