Table 2.
Percent Distribution of Predisposing, Enabling, and Need Factors for Insured Children with Reported Treatment for Asthma, by Race-Ethnicity
| Group Characteristics | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing factors | |||
| Age in years | |||
| 0–4 | 19.4 (2.0) | 22.9 (2.4) | 23.7 (2.4) |
| 5–11 | 44.8 (2.3) | 45.2 (2.8) | 51.6* (3.0) |
| 12–17 | 35.8 (2.2) | 32.0 (3.1) | 24.7*** (2.7) |
| Sex (ref: male) | |||
| Female | 40.3 (2.5) | 38.8 (2.5) | 40.9 (2.9) |
| Health beliefs (ref: cannot overcome illness without medications) | |||
| Can overcome illness without medications | 18.9 (1.8) | 15.4 (1.8) | 14.6 (2.1) |
| Nativity (ref: no native parents) | |||
| Native parents | 96.2 (0.9) | 89.9*** (1.9) | 52.8*** (3.5) |
| MSA (ref: non-MSA | |||
| MSA | 80.1 (2.1) | 89.1*** (2.3) | 93.2*** (1.4) |
| Census region | |||
| Midwest | 25.8 (2.3) | 17.2*** (2.4) | 9.3*** (1.6) |
| Northeast | 24.0 (2.5) | 17.7* (2.5) | 18.7 (2.9) |
| South | 33.6 (2.7) | 56.3*** (3.3) | 34.8 (3.6) |
| West | 16.6 (2.2) | 8.8*** (1.9) | 37.2*** (3.3) |
| Neighborhood factors | |||
| Median age of dwelling (ref: before 1969) | |||
| 1969 and later | 61.6 (2.9) | 52.5** (3.2) | 52.0** (3.5) |
| HH receiving any public assistance (ref: none) | |||
| At least 1% | 70.4 (2.4) | 87.7*** (1.8) | 87.3*** (2.7) |
| HH using firewood for heating fuel (ref: none) | |||
| At least 1% | 40.5 (2.8) | 15.4*** (2.8) | 20.2*** (3.0) |
| HH with incomplete plumbing facilities (ref: none) | |||
| At least 1% | 25.2 (2.4) | 36.2*** (3.4) | 33.3*** (3.2) |
| Enabling factors | |||
| Health insurance status (ref: private) | |||
| Public | 22.4 (1.9) | 58.8*** (3.1) | 58.3*** (3.7) |
| Family income | |||
| Middle/high (>200% of FPL) | 72.6 (2.0) | 35.9*** (3.4) | 41.3*** (3.3) |
| Low (125% <of FPL ≤200%) | 10.5 (1.3) | 20.2*** (2.2) | 23.7*** (2.2) |
| Poor/near poor (≤125% of FPL) | 16.9 (1.5) | 43.9*** (2.8) | 35.0*** (2.9) |
| Parent's education (ref: >high school) | |||
| ≤High school | 27.7 (2.2) | 51.9 (28.9) | 61.5*** (3.3) |
| Parent's marital status (ref: not married) | |||
| Married | 75.9 (2.2) | 29.1*** (2.7) | 58.1*** (3.2) |
| Need factors | |||
| Perceived health status (ref: excellent/very good/good) | |||
| Fair/poor | 14.1 (1.4) | 22.8*** (2.1) | 23.6*** (2.4) |
| Adult smoker in HH (ref: none)Adult smoker present | 25.7 (2.2) | 20.8 (2.1) | 20.1 (2.1) |
| Reported comorbidity (ref: no allergic rhinitis) Allergic rhinitis | 17.4 (1.7) | 9.4*** (1.3) | 11.0** (1.9) |
Note. Authors’ calculations using linked data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2005–2008), the 2000 Decennial Census, and the National Health Interview Survey (2004–2007). Standard errors are in parentheses.
Estimate is significantly different from non-Hispanic white at ***p < .01 or better, **p < .05, *p < .10.
FPL, federal poverty line; HH, household; MSA, metropolitan statistical area; ref, reference.