TABLE 3.

Factors Associated With Urine Culture Use in Antibiotic-Treated Pediatric UTI

Factor	UTI Episodesa n = 40 603 (%)	Proportion Urine Culture Use	Bivariate P	Adjusted ORb (95% CI)	Multivariate P
Age, y
<2	5890 (14)	.57	<.0001	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	.89
2–5	11 677 (29)	.61		1.3 (1.2–1.4)	<.0001
6–12	13 867 (34)	.60		1.3 (1.2–1.4)	<.0001
13–17	9169 (23)	.50		Reference
Gender
Male	3917 (10)	.53	<.0001	0.8 (0.8–0.9)	<.0001
Female	36 686 (90)	.58		Reference
Physician specialtyc
Pediatrics	18 653 (46)	.72	<.0001	2.6 (2.5–2.8)	<.0001
ER	4008 (10)	.54		1.2 (1.1–1.3)	<.0001
Urology	970 (2)	.34		0.5 (0.4–0.6)	<.0001
Other	1480 (4)	.46		0.9 (0.8–1.0)	.08
Family/internal medicine	10 753 (27)	.49		Reference
Regiond
Northeast	3936 (10)	.59	<.0001	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	.004
Midwest	14 239 (35)	.56		1.0 (0.9–1.0)	.95
West	5634 (14)	.53		0.8 (0.8–0.9)	<.0001
South	16 776 (41)	.59		Reference
Recurrent UTI
Yes	11 925 (29)	.56	<.001	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	.83
No	28 678 (71)	.58		Reference
Recent hospitalization
Yes (past 30 d)	1187 (3)	.44	<.0001	0.5 (0.5–0.6)	<.0001
No	39 416 (97)	.58		Reference
Recent antibiotic exposure
Yes (past 30 d)	8142 (20)	.60	<.0001	1.1 (1.1–1.2)	.0002
No	32 461 (80)	.57		Reference
Urologic anomaly
Yes	6546 (16)	.57	.9	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	.13
No	34 057 (84)	.57		Reference
Nonurologic comorbidities
Yes	669 (2)	.57	.02	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	.77
No	39 934 (98)	.57		Reference
Empiric antibiotic treatment
Broad spectrum	11 652 (29)	.63	<.0001	1.2 (1.1–1.2)	<.0001
Narrow spectrum	28 951 (71)	.55		Reference

^aThe unit of analysis for bivariate and multivariable analyses is a “UTI episode.” A UTI episode includes the 14-day period after initial visit date of the UTI. One patient may have multiple UTI episodes, and therefore the total number of UTI episodes (40 603) is greater than the total number of study patients (28 678).

^bMultivariable logistic regression adjusted for all factors listed in the table.

^c11% of UTI episodes were missing physician specialty.

^d<0.05% of UTI episodes were missing region.