Table 1.
Clinically targeted molecular imaging agents (partial list)
| Agent | Modality | Primary Target | Application | Clinically |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FDG (18F- fluorodeoxyglucose) |
PET | Glucose transporter-1, hexokinase |
Atherosclerosis, Aneurysm, Vasculitis (Metabolism) |
Yes |
| NaF (18F-sodium fluoride) |
PET | Hydroxyapatite | Atherosclerosis (Calcification) |
Yes |
| 11C-acetate | PET | Fatty acid synthetase |
Atherosclerosis (Fatty acids) |
Yes |
| [11C]-(R)-PK11195 | PET | Benzodiazepine receptor/macropha ges |
Vasculitis (Inflammation) |
Yes |
| 11C-KR31173 | PET | Angiotensin II type I receptor |
Myocardial Infarction, Cardiomyopathy (Remodeling) |
Yes |
| 18F-EF5 | PET | Hypoxic cells | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
Yes |
| 64Cu-DTPA-ProT | PET | Staphlocoagulase | Endocarditis (Vegetations) |
No |
| 99mTc-annexin V | SPECT | Annexin/macropha ges |
Myocardial Infarction, Cardiomyopathy (Apoptosis) |
Yes |
|
99mTc-RIP (radiolabeled RGD imaging peptide) |
SPECT | αvβ3 integrins | Myocardial Infarction (Fibrosis) |
Yes |
|
99mTc-exametazime leukocytes |
SPECT | White blood cells | Transplant (Inflammation) |
Yes |
| 111In-RP782 | SPECT | Matrix metalloproteinases |
Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| 99mTc-RP805 | SPECT | Matrix metalloproteinases |
Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| 99mTc-fucoidin | SPECT | P-selectin | Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, Endocarditis (Inflammation) |
No |
| 99mTc-NC100692 | SPECT | αvβ3 integrins | Vascular injury (Inflammation) |
No |
| N1177 | CT | Macrophages | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| P-selectin microbubbles |
Ultrasoun d |
P-selectin | Vascular injury (Inflammation) |
No |
| Supravist (SHU 555 C) |
MRI | Macrophages | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
Yes |
| SPIO / USPIO | MRI | Macrophages | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
Yes |
| EP-2104R | MRI | Fibrin | Thrombosis (Coagulation) |
Yes |
| P947 | MRI | Matrix metalloproteinases |
Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| FeCo/graphite nanocrystals |
MRI | Macrophages | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| 158Gd-ESMA | MRI | Elastin | Atherosclerosis (Plaque burden) |
No |
| BMS-753951 | MRI | Elastin | Atherosclerosis (Plaque burden) |
No |
| CNA-35 | MRI | Collagen | Aneurysm (Extracellular matrix) |
No |
| Gd-TO | MRI | DNA | Myocardial Infarction (Necrosis) |
No |
| VS-580H | MRI | Macrophages | Transplant (Inflammation) |
No |
| SPIO-labeled EPC | MRI | Endothelial progenitor cells |
Transplant (Cell tracking) |
No |
| Human ferritin cages | MRI, NIRF |
Macrophages | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| αvβ3-targeted nanoparticles |
MRI, NIRF |
αvβ3 integrins | Atherosclerosis (Neovessels) |
No |
| 18F-CLIO | MRI, NIRF |
Macrophages | Atherosclerosis, aneurysm (Inflammation) |
No |
| ICG (indocyanine green) |
NIRF | Lipids/macrophage s |
Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
Yes |
| ProSense | NIRF | Cysteine proteases | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| MMPsense | NIRF | Matrix metalloproteinases |
Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) |
No |
| FTP11-Cy7 | NIRF | Fibrin | Thrombosis (Coagulation) |
No |