Table 1. Characteristics of cases and controls (N = 1,430).
| Cases (n = 286) | Controls (n = 1,144) | P-value | |
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 73.6±6.6 | 73.6±6.6 | 1.000 |
| 65–69 | 98 (34.3) | 392 (34.3) | |
| 70–74 | 74 (25.9) | 296 (25.8) | |
| 75–79 | 64 (22.4) | 256 (22.4) | |
| 80+ | 50 (17.5) | 200 (17.5) | |
| Gender | 1.000 | ||
| Male | 121 (43.3) | 484 (43.3) | |
| Female | 165 (57.7) | 660 (57.7) | |
| Antiepileptic drugs | <0.001 | ||
| Yes a | 62 (21.7) | 105 ( 9.2) | |
| Mono therapy | 45 (15.7) | 90 ( 7.9) | |
| Combination therapy | 17 (5.9) | 15 ( 1.3) | |
| No | 286 (78.3) | 934 (90.8) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean ± SD) | 2.0±1.5 | 1.4±1.3 | <0.001 |
| 0 | 44 (15.4) | 336 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 80 (28.0) | 357 (31.2) | |
| 2 | 69 (24.1) | 261 (22.8) | |
| 3 | 45 (15.7) | 122 (10.7) | |
| 4 + | 48 (16.8) | 68 (5.9) | |
| Comorbidity b | |||
| Cancer | 31 (10.8) | 105 (9.2) | 0.392 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 80 (28.0) | 151 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 92 (32.2) | 323 (28.2) | 0.190 |
| Connective tissue/Rheumatic disease | 29 (10.1) | 55 (4.8) | 0.001 |
| Dementia | 18 (6.3) | 42 (3.7) | 0.048 |
| DM without complications | 56 (19.6) | 123 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| DM with complications | 41 (14.3) | 104 (9.1) | 0.009 |
| Herpes viral infection | 7 (2.5) | 4 (0.4) | <.0001 |
| Influenza | 3 (1.1) | 9 (0.8) | 0.574 |
| Mild liver disease | 38 (13.3) | 113 (9.9) | 0.093 |
| Myocardial infarction | 11 (3.9) | 23 (2.0) | 0.068 |
| Paraplegia or Hemiplegia | 11 (3.9) | 22 (1.9) | 0.053 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 78 (27.3) | 274 (24.0) | 0.244 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 19 (6.6) | 79 (6.9) | 0.875 |
| Renal disease | 20 (6.7) | 17 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| AIDS/HIV infection | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Others c | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Major indications for antiepileptic drugs | |||
| Bipolar disorder | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 0.563 |
| Diseases of spinal cord | 4 (1.4) | 6 (0.5) | 0.113 |
| Neuropathy | 42 (14.7) | 122 (10.7) | 0.056 |
| Seizure | 35 (12.2) | 27 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | 13 (4.6) | 31 (2.7) | 0.108 |
Abbreviations; AIDS/HIV, acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus; DM, diabetes mellitus; SD, standard deviation
Values are presented as number (%).
a Use of all antiepileptic drugs before the index day.
b Patients with more than one underlying disease.
c Other diseases, including histoplasmosis, mycoplasma pneumonia, and mumps.