Table 2.

Country-Specific Surveillance Studies Detailing M. tuberculosis Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) in East Africa^a

Country, Study	Population	New TB	Recurrent TB
		% MDR (# resistant/total TB cases)	% MDR (# resistant/total TB cases)
Burundi
Sanders et al4	All smear-positive, new and retreatment patients were enrolled consecutively in the study over a period of 15 months from 2002–2003. Patients were recruited from seven diagnostic centers of Bujumbura, Burundi, together registering one third of all cases in the country.	1.4 (7/496)	11.6 (8/69)
Kenya
Ogaro et al5	All smear-positive, new and previously treated pulmonary TB patients aged 14 years and older were enrolled consecutively between February and August 2010 from 16 diagnostic and treatment facilities in Nairobi, Kenya.	0.5 (2/369)	8.5 (17/199)
Ndung’u et al6	All sputum culture or smear positive, newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients aged 18 years and older were enrolled systematically between April and December 2010 from five hospitals and TB clinics in and around Nairobi, Kenya.	1.0 (3/286)	-
Rwanda
Umubyeyi et al7	All smear-positive, new and previously treated pulmonary TB patients were recruited between January 2002 to September 2005 from 4 provinces of Rwanda (Kigali, Butare, Ruhengeri, and Rwamagana).	10.8b (69/638)
Umubyeyi et al8	All smear-positive, new and retreatment pulmonary TB cases registered between November 2004 and February 2005 with the National Tuberculosis Control Program of Rwanda were eligible for inclusion.	3.9 (24/616)	9.4 (8/85)
Tanzania
Range et al9	All newly diagnosed and relapse pulmonary TB patients, aged 15 years or older were consecutively enrolled between August 2001 and July 2002 from Sekou Toure Regional Hospital, Bugando Medical Center, Butimba and Buzuruga Health Centers and Magu District Hospital. Tuberculosis was confirmed through clinical examination smear microscopy, culture, and/or chest x-ray.	2.0 (9/455)	6.3 (3/48)
Urassa et al10	All smear positive patients who had no history of use of anti-TB drugs exceeding 4 weeks in the previous 12 months, and were aged 19 to 65 years old were invited to participate in the study. The TB isolates for the study were collected between 2001 and 2004 from five of the 14 out-patient Tb treatment clinics in Dares Salaam, Tanzania.	0.4c (1/280)	-
Kibiki et al11	All smear-positive patients prior to initiation of TB treatment (mean age of 37 years) were recruited between April and September 2005 from Kibong’oto National Tuberculosis Referral Hospital (KNTH) and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical center (KCMC) of the Kilimanjaro region of northern Tanzania.	2.1 (2/97)	7.1 (1/14)
Matee et al12	All smear positive, newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients were consecutively enrolled between October 2005 and August 2006 from the Temeke district of Dar es Salaam.	1.3 (3/226)	-
Chonde et al13	All sputum smear-positive, new and previously treated TB patients were eligible for enrolment between July 2006 to August 2007 from 40 diagnostic centers that are a representative sample of all diagnostic centers in Tanzania.	1.2 (11/909)	3.9 (5/127)
Uganda
Temple et al14	All AFB smear-positive, new and retreatment tuberculosis patients aged 18 years or older were consecutively enrolled between July 2003 and November 2006 from the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme (NTLP) clinic at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.	12.7 (52/409)
Asiimwe et a115	All smear-positive, newly-presenting patients aged 18 years or older were consecutively enrolled between February and November 2006 from four main TB clinics in Rubaga, Uganda.	4.4 (15/339)	0 (0/5)
Jones-López et al16	All AFB smear-positive, retreatment tuberculosis patients age 18 years or older were consecutively enrolled between July 2003 and January 2007 from an inpatient TB ward of the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme (NTLP) Chemotherapy Centre at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.	-	6.3 (18/288)
Bazira et a117	All smear-positive newly diagnosed and retreatment TB patients aged 18 years or older were enrolled consecutively between May 2007 and April 2008 from clinics in the former greater Mbarara region in South Western Uganda.	1.7 (2/116)	0 0/9
Lukoye et al18	All smear-positive TB patients who were registered for treatment and aged 18 years or older were enrolled between August 18 and December 19, 2008 following a rotational fashion from health care facilities in Kampala, Uganda. All health care facilities in Kampala were enrolled following a rotational fashion from so that each facility participated for the same amount of time in the study.	1.1 (5/473)	11.7 (7/60)
Albert et al19	All sputum smear-positive, retreatment tuberculosis patients were consecutively enrolled between attending the Mulago National Referral Hospital TB Unit in Kampala, Uganda.	-	17.7d (20/113)

^aWe include in this table 16 published surveillance studies from East Africa with a well defined patient enrollment criteria reporting levels of multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB); MDR-TB is defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin.

^bThe total number of new and recurrent TB cases was not specified.

^cPatients in the study had no history of use of anti-TB drugs exceeding 4 weeks in the previous 12 months and therefore, exclude most of the retreatment population.

^dCombined prevalence determined by either line probe assay or Mycobacterium growth index tube drug susceptibility test (MGIT DST).