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mTOR and IR (via a feedback loop) in fat/muscle/liver cells. Insulin via insulin receptor substrate 1/2 (IRS1/2) activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/S6K pathway. The mTOR/S6K pathway is also activated by nutrients such as glucose, TNF and numerous other factors. The mTOR/S6K pathway in turn inactivates IRS1/2, thus causing IR
