Table 3.
Data collection, data analysis, and results of adult obesity epidemiologic studies in Kuwait.
| First author (publication year) | Data collection method (type of collected data reported) |
Statistical methods | Statistical model adjustment factors | Obesity prevalence (%) or mean BMI | Obesity correlates and/or trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Badr et al. (2012) [18] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, medical history, psychological). | Chi-square test, Student's t-test, multivariate logistic regression. | Age, sex, marital status, education, household income, cultural background (Bedouin, non-Bedouin self-identity). | All: 46%. Men: 30%. Women: 56%. | Female gender (+), being married (+), younger age among the ≥50 yrs population for example, 50–59 yrs versus 70+ (+), diabetes, hypertension and osteoarthritis (+), high depressive symptoms score in men (−)$. |
|
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| Zaghloul et al. (2012) [19] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietary). | Student's t-test, ANOVA test. | No model used. | All: 46%*. Age group 19–50 yrs: all 41%*, men 29%, women 50%. Age group ≥ 51 yrs: all 57%*, men 42%, women 70%. | Not investigated. |
|
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| Alattar et al. (2012) [20] | Face to face interview (sociodemographic, anthropometric, medical history, physiologic, biochemical, lifestyle). | Chi-square test. | No model used. | All: 20%. Men: 31%. Women: 14%. Mean BMI: all 26. |
Not investigated. |
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| Naser Al-Isa et al. (2011) [21] | Face to face interview (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history). | Chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression. | Age, dental health status, chronic disease, number of obese brothers, number of obese relatives, parental obesity, wife's education, last GPA, high school GPA, monthly family income, physical activity, practice sport ( hours/week), practice sports (months/year), health status, dieting, feeling tired, need special nutrition program#. | Men: 20%. Men age group ≥ 50 yrs: 28%. |
Age (+), treated dental status versus healthy (−), having chronic disease (+), number of obese brothers (+), number of obese relatives (+), parental obesity (+), educated wife (−), low high school GPA (+), high family income (+), physical activity (−), sports practice (−), poor health status (+), feeling tired (+), need for special nutrition program (+). |
|
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| Ahmed et al. (2011) [22] | Face to face interview (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle). | Mann-Whitney U-test, Z-test, multivariate linear regression, multivariate logistic regression. | Age and education when examining time trend. Age, education, exercise, smoking when examining risk factors. | All study years*: all 37%, men 32%, women 41%. Age group ≥ 50 yrs: all 52%, men 39%, women 67%. By study year: men: 1998—23%, 2000—31%, 2002—32%, 2004—39%, 2006—37%, 2008—34%. Women: 1998—28%, 2000—33%, 2002—49%, 2004—49%, 2006—49%, 2008—43%. | Trend: positive between 1998 and 2009 (peak in 2004). Risk factors: age (+), high education in women (−), high education in men (+), smoking and exercise in men (−). |
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| Babusik and Duris (2010) [23] | Face to face interview (sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical). | T-test, Pearson correlation, multivariate linear regression. | Age, gender, nationality. | Arabs mean BMI: men 32, women 36. South Asians mean BMI: men 26, women 29. |
Arab ethnicity versus south asian (+)$, age (+)$, HDL (−), TC/HDL ratio (+), triglycerides (+). |
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| Al Rashdan and Al Nesef (2010) [24] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, anthropometric, physiologic, biochemical). | Chi-square test, Z-test for proportion. | No model used. | All: 48%. Men: 39%. Women: 53%. Age group 20–24 yrs: men 23%, women 21%. Age group 55–65 yrs: men 43%, women 77%. | Age (+), female gender (+), mean SBP and DBP (+), total cholesterol (+), HDL (−), LDL (+), triglycerides (+), fasting glucose (+), HbA1c (+), waist circumference (+). |
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| Al-Kandari et al. (2008) [25] | Self-reported questionnaire (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, health-promoting behavior). | ANOVA F-test. | No model used. | All: 12%. Men: 14%. Women: 11%. Kuwaiti: 8.3%. GCC: 1.4%. Other Arabs: 2%. Non-Arab: 0.5% Mean BMI: all 24, men 25, women 24. |
Kuwaiti nationality (+), age (+), married (+), health promotion lifestyle score (−). |
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| Al-Bader et al. (2008) [26] | Face to face interview (sociodemographic, anthropometric, spirometry). | ANOVA, t-test, linear regression. | No variables used to adjust for confounding. | Mean BMI: men 28, women 29. | Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (−), forced vital capacity (−). |
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| Al Orifan et al. (2007) [27] | Face to face interview (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, biochemical, physiologic). | Chi-square test, t-test, multivariate logistic regression. | Age, gender, systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, total cholesterol or LDL and HDL cholesterol. | All: 42% | Female gender (+), impaired fasting blood sugar (+), prehypertension (+), high total cholesterol (+), high HDL (+), low LDL (+). |
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| Al-Kandari (2006) [28] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, Socioeconomic, sociocultural, anthropometric, lifestyle). | Correlation, multivariate linear regression. | Level of education, age, SES, number of families living in the same household, Number of times per week eating at restaurants, degree of preferring salt in food#. | All: 41%. Men: 39%. Women: 42%. Age group ≥ 50 yrs*: all 60%, men 43%, women 80%. | Level of education (−), age (+), SES (−), number of families living in the same household (+), Number of times per week eating at restaurants (+), degree of preferring salt in food (+), general physical activity (−)$, physical activity during work (−)$, number of relatives living in the same household (+)$, degree of religiosity (+)$, having a cook (+)$. |
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| Al-Assomi et al. (2005) [29] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, Socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, physiologic, biochemical). | Chi-square test. | No model used. | All: 44%. Men: 31%. Women: 53%. Kuwaiti: 50%. Non-Kuwaiti: 28%. | Hypertension (+), cholesterol (+), diabetes (+). |
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| Al-Shayji and Akanji (2004) [30] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, reproductive, physiologic, biochemical). | ANOVA, Student's t-test, ANCOVA, chi-square test. | No model used. | All: 20%. Men: 13%. Women: 25%. Mean BMI: all 26, men 25, women 26, | Glucose (+), LDL (+), apo B (+), urate (+), mean BP (+), triglycerides (+), insulin (+), insulin/glucose ratio (+). |
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| Al-Asi (2003) [31] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, physiologic). | Chi-square test. | No model used. | All: 27%. Kuwaiti: 32%. Non-Kuwaiti: 19%. | Kuwaiti nationality (+), field work versus office work (+), physical activity (−), diabetes (+), hypertension (+). |
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| Olusi et al. (2003) [32] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, Socioeconomic, anthropometric, medical history, lifestyle, and biochemical). | T-test, ANOVA. | No model used. | All: 24%. Men: 18%. Women: 30%. | Female gender (+). |
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| Al-Isa A. (1999) [33] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, Socioeconomic, anthropometric, medical history, lifestyle). | Chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression. | Gender, age, marital status, obesity among parents, dieting, last health check-up, year of study at college#. | All: 9%. Men: 11%. Women: 8%. | Male gender (+), maternal obesity (+), dieting (+), last health check-up a year ago versus do not recall last health check-up (−), second year of study versus first year of study (−), number of brothers/sisters (+)$, low high-school GPA (+)$, number of regular meals eaten (+)$. |
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| Abdella et al. (1998) [34] | Face to face interview with questionnaire (sociodemographic, Socioeconomic, anthropometric, medical history, biochemical, physiologic, lifestyle). | ANOVA, multivariate linear regression, multivariate logistic regression. | Age, blood pressure, family history of type 2 diabetes, cholesterol, triglycerides, sex, exercise. | All: 40% | Type 2 diabetes (+), fasting plasma glucose (+). |
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| Al-Isa. (1997) [35] | 1980: not stated (sociodemographic, anthropometric). 1993: face to face interview (sociodemographic, Socioeconomic, anthropometric). | Chi-square test, t-test, multivariate linear regression, multivariate logistic regression. | Study period, age, region, education, marital status, occupation. | 1980: men 59%, women 32%. 1990: men 73%, women 41%. |
Study period 1993-94 (+), age (+), Ahmadi region (+), high education in men (+), married, widowed or divorced in women (+), working in women (+). |
$Where multivariate results were not available for a specific variable the bivariate results are reported.
#Model adjustment factors not explicitly stated in paper text but above factors were included in the multivariate analysis table in paper.
*If parameters were not directly provided, these were estimated from numbers provided in study.