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Urinary cortisol levels during social separation challenges at 6, 12, and 18 months of age for offspring receiving high (●) and low (○) rates of infant rejections (IR) from fathers. Offspring from high-IR fathers had higher urinary cortisol levels across the duration of social separation compared to offspring from low-IR families at 12 and 18 months, but not 6 months. 1Significant main effect of group; 2Significant group by time interaction. *p<.05; + p<.10.
