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. 2013 Dec;3(12):130185. doi: 10.1098/rsob.130185

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Integrated regulation of mTORC1 activity and mitochondrial function. Growth factors stimulate mTORC1 activity via the inactivation of TSC1/TSC2 complex. Amino acids stimulate mTORC1 activity via the Rag GTPases. Hypoxia inhibits mTORC1 activity via HIF1α stabilization and subsequent REDD1/2 transcription. Energy stress inhibits mTORC1 activity via AMPK. mTORC1 activity regulates mitochondrial homoeostasis via four targets; Glut1, YY1/PGC-1α, Ulk1 and VDAC1. Mitochondrial function regulates mTORC1 by feedback mechanisms. Mitochondrial function regulates HIF1α, AMPK, BNIP3(L) and ROS, which all impact on mTORC1 activity. Low levels of ROS stimulate mTORC1 activity and mild to high levels of ROS inhibit mTORC1 activity. This dual regulation is indicated with a dot. Arrows indicate stimulatory effects. Cross bars indicate inhibitory effects.