Table 1.

Phase stiffness values of the elementary components of bone.

Phase	Bulk modulus k [GPa]	Shear modulus μ [GPa]	Experimental source
Hydroxyapatite	kHA = 82.6	μHA = 44.9	(Katz and Ukraincik 1971)
Water containing
Non-collagenous
Organics or osteocytes	kH2O = 2.3	μH2O = 0
	cijkl [GPa]	cijkl [GPa]
(Molecular) collagen	ccol, 3333 = 17.9	ccol, 1133 = 7.1	(Cusack and Miller 1979)
	ccol, 1111 = 11.7	ccol, 1122 = 5.1
		ccol, 1313 = 3.3