EXHIBIT 3.
Spending On Social Welfare Programs For Children And Elders, Millions Of Dollars, Selected Years 1980–2000
| Children | 1980 ($) | 1984 ($) | 1988 ($) | 1992 ($) | 1996 ($) | 2000 ($) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary/secondary education | 197,385 | 206,106 | 244,778 | 286,692 | 315,334 | 372,865 |
| TANF/AFDC and Emergency Assistance | 25,417 | 23,714 | 24,291 | 26,467 | 22,594 | 10,490 |
| Social Security (OASDI) | 21,421 | 17,415 | 16,368 | 16,607 | 18,687 | 19,335 |
| SSI | 758 | 961 | 1,457 | 3,280 | 4,979 | 4,866 |
| Food stamps | 12,659 | 10,183 | 12,646 | 20,822 | 19,576 | 11,106 |
| Child nutrition | 7,369 | 6,074 | 6,108 | 6,563 | 7,113 | 7,557 |
| WIC | 1,483 | 2,270 | 2,595 | 3,174 | 4,037 | 3,981 |
| Medicaid | 10,970 | 9,907 | 11,187 | 20,248 | 20,099 | 23,000 |
| SCHIP | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2,781 |
| Maternal and child health | 1,817 | 1,753 | 2,445 | 2,574 | 2,480 | 2,654 |
| Child welfare | 1,630 | 270 | 346 | 335 | 304 | 292 |
| Total social welfare for children | 280,909 | 276,899 | 322,219 | 386,759 | 415,205 | 458,927 |
| Elders | ||||||
| Social Security (OASDI) | 223,300 | 269,617 | 296,903 | 332,712 | 361,486 | 388,096 |
| SSI | 3,694 | 3,277 | 3,492 | 3,604 | 3,636 | 3,775 |
| Railroad retirement | 9,638 | 9,973 | 9,637 | 9,403 | 8,893 | 8,303 |
| Veterans’ pension | 6,529 | 7,489 | 6,689 | 6,915 | 6,731 | 6,774 |
| Food stamps | 1,738 | 937 | 1,113 | 1,548 | 1,529 | 1,092 |
| Medicare | 102,651 | 129,758 | 138,090 | 148,447 | 165,526 | 186,649 |
| Medicaid | 30,696 | 31,906 | 32,778 | 40,630 | 42,327 | 33,000 |
| Older Americans Act | 2,023 | 1,838 | 2,220 | 1,519 | 1,315 | 1,284 |
| Total social welfare for elders | 380,270 | 454,795 | 490,924 | 544,778 | 591,444 | 628,973 |
| Total social welfare—children and elders | 661,179 | 731,694 | 813,143 | 931,538 | 1,006,649 | 1,087,899 |
| GDP | 5,695,740 | 6,430,136 | 7,374,289 | 7,722,592 | 8,563,592 | 9,872,900 |
SOURCES: Authors’ analysis based on data from the following sources: Data on primary and secondary education are from the 2001 Digest of Education Statistics and the National Center for Education Statistics. Data on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)/Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Social Security, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and veterans’ pensions were obtained from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Social Security Administration and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Data on railroad retirement and the Older Americans Act were obtained from the U.S Railroad Retirement Board and volumes compiled for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Aging. Data on food stamps; Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); and child nutrition are from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Data on other maternal and child health programs and child welfare were obtained from HHS, Administration for Children and Families. Data on Medicaid, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and Medicare were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Poverty and population data were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Gross domestic product (GDP) data were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. An expanded version of this exhibit is available as Expanded Exhibit 3, content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/23/5/131/DC1, along with an online appendix containing full bibliographic information.
NOTES: Spending is reported in 2000 constant dollars. Numbers may not add exactly to reported total and subtotals because of rounding. OASDI is Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance.