Table 4.
Formula intake, human milk intake, gastrointestinal tolerance, and stool characteristics*
| |
Metabolic period |
Tolerance period |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Variables |
PALM |
NoPALM |
PALM |
NoPALM |
| (n = 17)** | (n = 17) | (n = 16) | (n = 17) | |
| Average study formula intake, mL/kg/d |
113 ± 20 |
114 ± 19 |
99 ± 31 |
103 ± 33 |
| Average human milk intake, g/kg/d |
0 ± 0 |
0 ± 0 |
94 ± 36 (n = 15) |
81 ± 29 (n = 12) |
| Average numbers of feedings, #/d |
6.3 ± 0.2 |
6.2 ± 0.1 |
4.6 ± 0.6 |
5.4 ± 0.9d |
| Spit-up/vomit, % of feedings |
4.0 ± 4.8 |
3.5 ± 4.7 |
12.8 ± 25.5 |
13.9 ± 21.4 |
| Stool frequency, # stools/d |
3.4 ± 0.7 |
2.9 ± 0.9a |
1.7 ± 0.6 |
1.9 ± 0.7 |
| Mean rank stool consistency score (MRSC)‡ |
2.4 ± 0.3 |
3.0 ± 0.5b |
3.3 ± 0.5 |
3.5 ± 0.6 |
| Stool consistency, % of stools |
|
|
|
|
| Watery |
0 ± 0 |
0.5 ± 2 |
27.5 ± 19 |
26.9 ± 19.9 |
| Loose/mushy |
1.2 ± 3.5 |
19.2 ± 21.6c |
19.1 ± 17.2 |
38.2 ± 14.2e |
| Soft |
39.7 ± 26.5 |
58.9 ± 30.8 |
43.7 ± 18.9 |
32.6 ± 23.8 |
| Formed |
59.1 ± 25.7 |
21.4 ± 35.8a |
21.6 ± 12.5 |
20.7 ± 16.3 |
| Hard |
0 ± 0 |
0 ± 0 |
10.8 ± 4.9 |
0 ± 0 |
| Total stool production, g/kg/day |
5.2 ± 2.3 |
4.2 ± 2.7 |
|
|
| Stool moisture content, % | 82.8 ± 2.6 | 84.8 ± 6.5 | ||
*Values are means ± SD.
**Sample sizes (n) for each column are in parenthesis except where noted to be different.
‡MRSC score: 5 = watery, 4 = loose/mushy, 3 = soft, 2 = formed, 1 = hard (higher is softer).
a = p <0.036; b = p = 0.001; c = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.077) Period I only, PALM = 0.9 ± 2.8 & NoPALM = 8.3 ± 11.7 (NS at p = 0.122); d = p = 0.005; e = p = 0.002.