Table 2.

Analyses of changes over the first year after whip-lash occurrence (Friedman test)

Outcome	Baseline	3-month follow-up	6-month follow-up	12-month follow-up	p-value
	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	(Chi 2 , df)
PDI n = 57	3 (5)	2 (5)	2 (5)	1 (6)	<.001 (24.7, 3)
Pain Intensity n = 58	2 (2)	1 (2)	1(2)	1 (2)	.31 (3.5, 3)
SES n = 57	188 (21)	190 (27)	192 (23)	191 (27)	<.001 (26.4, 3)
TSK n = 55	27 (7)	28 (6)	28 (6)	29 (7)	.007 (12.0, 3)
CAT n = 57	4 (10)	3 (9)	4 (10)	2 (7)	<.001 (20.8, 3)
IES n = 56	24 (17)	21.5 (16)	21 (15)	22 (15)	<.001 (33.5, 3)

Note: N is based on those participants with completed questionnaires from all time points.

PDI = Pain Disability Index (0–70), low scores indicate low disability.

Pain intensity (3 items 0–10), low scores indicate low pain intensity, control (1 item 0–10), low scores indicate low control.

SES = Self-Efficacy Scale (0–200), low scores indicate low efficacy expectations.

TSK = The Tampa Scale of Kinesiphobia (17–68), low scores indicate low fear.

CAT = The Coping Strategies Questionnaire (0–36). High scores indicate higher frequency of catastrophic thinking.

IES = Impact of Event Scale (0–75). High scores indicate severe symptoms.