FIGURE 3.

Schematic of a single vessel segment addition using the modified Constrained Constructive Growth (CCO) algorithm.⁶³ Segment addition begins with the selection and connection of a point ${\stackrel{\rightharpoonup }{P}}_1$ in the domain to the existing tree. The position $\overrightarrow{x}$ of this connection point, highlighted in red, is optimized to create a tree with the smallest luminal volume. During the optimization, the diameters d_i and d_j, as well as the lengths l_i and l_j of the two daughter branches, are selected so that all terminal leaves discharge equal blood flow F. N is the number of segments belonging to the tree. The application of these optimization principles leads to networks with topological features similar to vascular structures.