Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and assessments’ scores (mean ± SD) at baseline (Assess 1), at the end of the 8-week robotic training (Assess 3) and at 3-month follow-up (Assess 4)
| Demographic characteristics | All (n = 20) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) |
60 ± 7 |
||||
| Time since stroke (months) |
38 ± 38 |
||||
| Gender (Male [M]/ Female [F]) |
12 M/8 F |
||||
| Side of hemiparesis (Right/Left) |
14/6 |
||||
| NIH Stroke Scale Score (normal = 0) |
3 ± 2 |
||||
| Line Cancellation Test (normal = 0) |
0 ± 0 |
||||
| Nottingham Sensory Assessment (max = 34) |
33 ± 3 |
||||
| 10-meter Walk Test (m/s) |
1.3 ± 0.5 |
||||
| Assessments |
Assess 1 |
Assess 3 |
Assess 4 |
p* |
p** |
| Box and Block Test (# blocks in 60 s) |
31 ± 13 |
37 ±13 |
36 ± 12 |
p < 0.05 |
p = 0.6 |
| Fugl-Meyer Arm Motor Scale (normal = 66) |
52 ± 8 |
55 ± 7 |
55 ± 7 |
p = 0.01 |
p = 0.2 |
| Wolf Motor Function Test |
|
|
|
|
|
| Score (max = 5) |
3.9 ± 0.6 |
4.3 ± 0.5 |
4.3 ± 0.5 |
p < 0.05 |
p = 1.0 |
| Time to completion (max = 1800 s) |
7.9 ± 11.6 |
4.5 ± 5.8 |
4.5 ± 6.7 |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.5 |
| Weight (max = 20 lbs) |
13 ± 6 |
15 ± 5 |
15 ± 5 |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.5 |
| Motor Activity Log |
|
|
|
|
|
| Amount of use (max = 5) |
2.7 ± 1.0 |
3.3 ± 1.1 |
3.5 ± 1.2 |
p = 0.001 |
p = 0.1 |
| Quality of movement (max = 5) |
2.4 ± 1.1 |
3.1 ± 1.1 |
3.1 ± 1.1 |
p < 0.05 |
p = 1.0 |
| Grip strength (kg) |
18.8 ± 14.0 |
20.6 ± 14.0 |
22.0 ± 14.9 |
p = 0.008 |
p = 0.1 |
| Pinch strength (kg) |
4.3 ± 2.5 |
4.5 ± 2.4 |
4.3 ± 2.3 |
p = 0.008 |
p = 1.0 |
| Modified Ashworth Scale |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoulder (normal = 0) |
0.4 ± 0.7 |
0.2 ± 0.7 |
0.1 ± 0.4 |
p = 0.05 |
p = 0.3 |
| Elbow (normal = 0) |
0.8 ± 1.0 |
0.7 ± 0.9 |
0.4 ± 0.8 |
p = 0.4 |
p = 0.03 |
| Time of execution of a robotic reaching task (s) |
75.0 ± 40.9 |
53.2 ± 29.5 |
n/a |
p < 0.05 |
n/a |
| Maximal voluntary concentric strength (Nm) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoulder abductors |
29 ± 14 |
30 ± 12 |
n/a |
p = 0.8 |
n/a |
| Shoulder adductors |
23 ± 11 |
32 ± 10 |
|
p < 0.05 |
|
| Shoulder internal rotators |
12 ± 8 |
16 ± 8 |
|
p = 0.02 |
|
| Shoulder external rotators |
5 ± 4 |
10 ± 7 |
|
p < 0.05 |
|
| Shoulder flexors |
25 ± 10 |
27 ± 13 |
|
p = 0.3 |
|
| Shoulder extensors |
38 ± 11 |
43 ± 9 |
|
p = 0.06 |
|
| Elbow flexors |
23 ± 8 |
29 ± 10 |
|
p = 0.001 |
|
| Elbow extensors |
19 ± 11 |
23 ± 12 |
|
p = 0.06 |
|
| Forearm supinators |
3 ± 2 |
4 ± 3 |
|
p = 0.03 |
|
| Forearm pronators |
8 ± 5 |
9 ± 5 |
|
p = 0.2 |
|
| Wrist flexors |
6 ± 4 |
6 ± 4 |
|
p = 0.3 |
|
| Wrist extensors | 6 ± 4 | 7 ± 4 | p = 0.03 | ||
*p value between baseline (Assess 1) and 8 weeks of robotic training (Assess 3); ** p value between 8 weeks of robotic training (Assess 3) and 3-month follow-up (Assess 4).