Table 1.
Factor Type | Risk Factor |
Demographic | Younger age |
White | |
Female sex | |
Dialysis; peritoneal may be greater than hemodialysis | |
Obesity | |
Diabetes | |
Liver disease | |
Connective tissue disease | |
Medication | Calcium-containing supplements or binders |
Warfarin | |
Corticosteroids | |
Parenteral iron | |
Biochemical | Hyperphosphatemia |
Hypercalcemia | |
Hyperparathyroidism | |
Hypoalbuminemia | |
Elevated alkaline phosphatase | |
Protein C or S deficiency |