Figure I.

At an early age, first water contact typically occurs by passive mechanisms (i.e., being bathed) before a later gradual transition towards active mechanisms as the child is able to enter water alone. (a) The time, place, and duration of high-risk activities along the shoreline can be estimated by GPS data logging devices, which may be worn on the upper arm or wrist by study participants thus enabling a digital track-log of putative active water contact on the water margins. (b) GPS data logging approaches may, however, be confounded by specific behaviours, for example, (left) although the child may be in a high spatial risk zone, (s)he is not at immediate risk due to being carried; however, being bathed with jerry can collected water is a high-risk activity (right), although it is difficult to define spatially within the lake shoreline context.