Table 1.
Enzymes | Putative functions | Taxon of identified gene | Reference | Bombus huntii life stage/caste1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidation and reduction enzymes | ||||
Aldehyde dehydrogenases |
Acetaldehyde detoxification |
Drosophila melanogaster |
[25] |
ii, iii, v, vi, vii |
Alcohol dehydrogenases |
Interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of NADH |
D. melanogaster |
[25] |
all |
Catalases |
Catalyze H2O2 to H2O and O2 |
Anopheles gambiae |
[26] |
i, ii, iii, vi, vii, viii |
Cytochrome P450s |
Detoxify xenobiotics by transferring O2 to a substrate and producing H2O2, OH–, O2- |
D. melanogaster, A. gambiae, Tyria jacobaeae, Culex quinquefasciatus |
[1,16,27,28] |
all |
Dehalogenases |
Remove halogen from haloacid compounds |
Sinorhizobium meliloti |
[29] |
iii, iv, vi, vii |
Hydroxylases |
Degrades toxic organic compounds and pesticides by introducing –OH |
Chrysopogon zizanioides |
[30] |
ii-vii |
Oxidoreductases |
Detoxify gramine |
Sitobion avenae |
[31] |
all |
Peroxidases |
Catalyze H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides (OHPs) |
A. gambiae |
[32] |
all |
Superoxide dismutases (SOD) |
Catalyze the dismutation of O2– into O2 and H2O2 |
A. mellifera |
[33,34] |
all |
Thioredoxins/glutaredoxins |
Detoxification of ROS |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
[35] |
i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Conjugation enzymes | ||||
Acetyltransferases |
Detoxify sulfadiazine and aromatic chemicals by transferring acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines |
Legionella pneumophila, Homo sapiens |
[36,37] |
i, ii, iii, v, vi, vii, viii |
Acyltransferase |
Catalyze carboxylic acid group, such as benzoic, isovaleric, or acetylsalicylic acids |
H. sapiens |
[38] |
i, ii, iv, vi, vii, viii |
CoA transferases |
Acetate detoxification |
Aspergillus nidulans |
[39] |
viii |
Formyltransferases |
Formaldehyde detoxification |
Burkholderia fungorum |
[40] |
i, ii, iii, vi, vii, viii |
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) |
Detoxify endogenous compounds (peroxidised lipids) and exogenous toxins (pyrethroid and organophosphate) by catalyzing reduced glutathione |
Tenebrio molitor, Bombus ignites, Locusta migratoria manilensis |
[18,41] |
all |
Glycosyltransferases |
Glycosyltransfer to OH–, NH2-, SH-, or COOH for detoxifying insecticides |
Bombyx mori |
[17,42] |
all |
Methyltransferases |
Catalyze methylation reactions using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a substrate for detoxification |
H. sapiens |
[43] |
all |
Phosphotransferases |
Detoxify insecticides such as DDT |
Triatoma infestans |
[44] |
i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Sulfotransferases |
Detoxify insecticides such as DDT |
T. infestans |
[44] |
iii, vii |
Transaminases or aminotransferases |
Detoxify 3-hydroxykynurenine and glyoxylate by catalyzing amino acid and α-keto acid |
Aedes aegypti, D. melanogaster |
[45] |
ii-viii |
Hydrolytic enzymes | ||||
Acetylcholine and carboxyl esterases |
Detoxify pyrethroids and organophosphates by hydrolysis of acyl group or ester bonds |
Lucilia cuprina, D. melanogaster |
[22] |
all |
Acid/Alkaline phosphatases |
Detoxify endotoxin and plant toxin |
Danio rerio, Agriolimax agrestis |
[46,47] |
ii, iii, vi, vii |
Amidases |
Detoxify toxic amides or esters, or organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides |
Acromyrmex octospinosus |
[48] |
ii, iii, iv, vi, vii, viii |
Aminopeptidases |
Detoxify Bt Cry toxin, mycotoxin, organophosphonates, pyrethroid esters, microbial or botanical pesticides |
B. mori, Pseudoplusia includens, E. coli |
[42,48,49] |
all |
Cyclohydrolase |
Hydrolysis of L-phenylalanine |
Drosophila spp. |
[50] |
vi |
Glycosidases |
Hydrolyze sugar-containing compounds such as tannic acid and gallic acid |
Manduca sexta |
[48] |
i, ii, iii, v, vi, vii, viii |
Glycosylases |
Detoxify cytotoxic and cytostatic substances such as 5-methyl group of a thymine residue, biodegrade saponins |
Phaeosphaeria nodorum, P. avenaria f. sp. triticea |
[51] |
i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Nitrilases |
Detoxify HCN |
Caenorhabditis elegans |
[52] |
i-vii |
Phosphodiesterase |
Break phosphodiester bond for hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides |
E. coli |
[53] |
ii, iii, iv, vi, vii |
Phosphohydrolases |
Detoxify cypermethrin and bifenthrin |
Tribolium castaneum |
[54] |
ii, iii-viii |
Others with possible stress related functions | ||||
ABC transporters |
Export conjugated toxins out of the cell |
Drosophila spp. |
[11] |
vii, viii |
Cadherins |
Resistance to Bt toxin (Cry1Ac) |
Helicoverpa armigera |
[55] |
i, ii, vi, vii, viii |
Heat shock proteins |
Involved in folding and unfolding of proteins, detoxification of pesticides and heavy metals |
Chironomus tentans |
[56] |
all |
Isomerases |
Detoxify organophosphates by structural rearrangement of isomers |
E. coli |
[16] |
all |
Lyases | Break various chemical bonds other than hydrolysis and oxidation for detoxification | Zygaena transalpina | [57] | all |
i-egg, ii-early instar larvae, iii-late instar larvae, iv-pupae, v-adult male, vi-adult worker, vii-diapausing queen, viii-egglaying queen, all-all stages.