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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 2.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;169(10):10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies. Legend for abbreviations, acronyms and symbols used in the table is provided in the footnote.

Ref.* ADHD1 Comparisons2 ADHD Type Comorb. Stimul. Withd. Task(s) Contrast(s) # Foci Correction for multiple comparisons**
n M F Age M Age SD n M F Age M Age SD
Banich (1) 23 14 9 20 1.7 23 13 10 19 0.9 All: Co No N=20: lifetime
N=14: current
24 h Color word stroop (variant) 6 contrasts included in the meta-analysis§ 20 (tot) Cluster-wise protection; voxel level threshold: p = 0.01 (AFNI AlphaSim)
Bayerl (2) 30 16 14 31 0.6 30 16 14 31 8.4 All: Co No All: naïve N/A 2-back working memory C > A 1 Cluster-size thresholding (50 voxels); voxel level: uncorrected p = 0.001; (SPM99)
Booth (3) 12 8 4 9.4 1.2 12 7 5 9.3 12 N=8: Co
N=4: I
No All: current 48 h Go/No-Go Selective attention C >A
C > A
17
3
Cluster-size thresholding (10 voxels); voxel level: uncorrected p < 0.001 (SPM99)
Braet (4) 20 17 3 14 2.1 38 31 7 13 1.9 NS NS Some (NS): current 24 h SART (Go/No-Go) C > A: Successful inhibition 5 NS for second-level analysis (AFNI)
Cao (5) 12 12 0 13 1.7 13 13 0 13 1.2 N=7: Co
N=5: I
N=5: ODD
N= 2: CD
N=3: current 2 wks Cued target detection C > A: Intrinsic alerting effect
C > A: Phasic alerting effect
C > A: Alerting effect
3
4
3
Cluster-size thresholding (10 voxels); voxel level: uncorrected p < 0.001 (SPM2)
Cerullo (6) 10 7 3 14 2 13 7 6 15 1.9 NS N=2: ODD
N=2: Tics
N=8: current Day of the scan CPT-X C > A
A > C
1
2
Cluster-size thresholding (137 voxels); voxel-level: uncorrected p < 0.05; (AFNI)
Cubillo (7) 11 11 0 29 1 14 14 0 28 2 N=6: Co
N=2: HI
N=3: I
N=8§§ All: naïve N/A Tracking Stop C > A: Successful stop-go trials
C > A: Unsuccessful stop-go trials
C > A: Switch task
2
1
2
Cluster-mass threshold; voxel-wide significance: p < 0.05; cluster threshold: p<0.01 (XBAM)
Cubillo (8) 11 11 0 29 1 15 15 0 28 3 N=6: Co
N=2: HI
N=3: I
N=8§§ All: naïve N/A Simon task C > A: Incongruent-Congruent
C > A: Oddball-Congruent
1
1
Cluster-mass threshold; voxel-wide significance: p < 0.05; cluster threshold: p < 0.01 (XBAM)
Cubillo (9) 11 11 0 29 1 15 15 0 28 3 N=6: Co
N=2: HI
N=3: I
N=8§§ All: naïve N/A Rewarded CPT C > A: Effect of attention
C > A: Effect of reward
3
2
Cluster-mass threshold; voxel-wide significance: p < 0.05; cluster threshold: 0.01 (XBAM)
Dibbets (10) 16 16 0 29 6.4 13 13 0 29 6.4 All: Co No N=14: current 24 h Modified Go/No-Go A > C: Overall activation 1 Cluster-size thresholding (3 voxels); voxel-level: p < 0.05; (SPM2)
Dibbets (11) 15 15 0 29 6.2 14 14 0 29 6.4 All: Co No N=14: current 24 h Switch C > A
A > C
6
6
Cluster-level thresholding (1000 iterations; p < 0.05) (Brainvoyager QX)
Dillo (12) 15 11 4 21–42 N/A 15 11 4 21–46 N/A N=5: Co
N=7: I
N=3: HI
No Some (NS): current 3 wks Go/No-Go A > C 2 N/S (SPM2)
Durston (13) 7 6 1 8.5 1.6 7 6 1 8.7 1.5 N=4: Co
N=3: I
ODD or CD (NS) All: current 24 h Go/No-Go C > A: No-Go > Go
A > C: No-Go > Go
1
8
Cluster-size thresholding (3 voxels); voxel-level: p < 0.05; (NeuroImaging Software)
Durston (14) Sample 1 10 8 2 12 2.6 10 8 2 12 2.1 N=5: Co
N=2: I
N=3: HI
N=4: ODD N=5: current 24 h Variant Go/No-Go C > A: Unexpected stimulus-Unexpected time 1 Cluster-size thresholding (5 voxels); voxel-level: p < 0.05; (SPM2)
Durston (14) Sample 2 12 12 0 15 2.3 12 12 0 15 2.1 N=9: Co
N=3: HI
N=4: ODD N=9: current 24 h Variant Go/No-Go C > A: Expected stimulus-Unexpected time
C > A: Unexpected stimulus-Expected time
1
2
Cluster-size thresholding (5 voxels); voxel-level: p < 0.05; (SPM2)
Hale (15) 10 9 1 35 8.1 10 9 1 27 4.1 N=3: Co
N=7: I
N=1: GAD+ SoP+SP
N=1: SP
N=4: current 2 wks WAIS-Forward/Backward digit span C > A: Backward
A > C: Forward
A > C: Backward
5
7
3
Cluster-size thresholding (25 voxels); voxel-level: uncorrected p < 0.001; (SPM2)
Karch (16) 8 7 1 38 7.8 8 7 1 38 6.6 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Auditory Go/No-Go (modified) C > A 7 Cluster-size thresholding; uncorrected p < 0.001; threshold: 10 voxels (BrainVoyager)
Kobel (17) 14 14 0 10 1.3 12 12 0 11 1.6 N=9: Co
N=5: I
N=5: ODD-CD, N=4: GAD All: current 24 h N-back C > A: averaged 2-and 3-back 5 Family-wise error correction (p < 0.05); cluster size: 10 voxels (SPM 5)
Kobel (18) 14 14 0 10 1.3 12 12 0 11 1.6 N=9: Co
N=5: I
N=5: ODD/CD
N=4: GAD
All: current No N-back C > A: Activation in 3-back task 1 Correction applied but type of correction NS (SPM 5)
Konrad (19) 16 16 0 10 1.9 16 16 0 10 1.3 N=9: Co
N=6: I
N=1: HI
N=5: ODD
N=3: AD
All: naïve N/A Attention Network Test (modified) C > A: Alerting
C > A: Exec. Control
A > C: Alerting
A > C: Reorienting
A > C: Exec. control
1
2
1
3
1
Cluster-size thresholding (10 voxels); uncorrected p < 0.001; (SPM2)
Kooistra (20) 10 10 0 22 NS 10 10 0 22 NS NS N/A No after age 16 y N/A Go/No-Go C > A: Go
A > C: Go
16
2
Corrected cluster significance threshold: p= 0.01 (FSL)
Krauel (21) 12 12 0 15 0.7 12 12 0 15 1.3 N=6: Co
N=5: I
N=1: HI
N=3:ODD
N=2: CD
N=5: current 24 h Recognition memory C > A: Neutral
A > C: Emotional
A > C: Neutral
1
4
4
Cluster-size thresholding (10 voxels); voxel-level: uncorrected p < 0.001; (SPM99)
Mostofsky (22) 11 8 3 10 1.2 11 8 3 10 1.4 N=9: Co
N=2: I
No N=8: current 24 h Sequential finger tapping C > A 2 Cluster-size thresholding (84 voxels); voxel-level: uncorrected p < 0.001; (SPM99)
Passarotti (23) 15 12 3 13 2.6 14 7 7 14 2.4 All: C No N=5: current Over a 3-week period Emotional valence stroop C > A: Negative > neutral
C > A: Positive > neutral words
A > C: Negative > neutral words
A > C: Positive > neutral words
2
2
4
5
Contiguity threshold (uncorrected p < 0.01); experiment-wise Type 1: p < 0.02 (corrected) (AFNI AlphaSim)
Passarotti (24) 14 9 5 13 2.3 19 9 10 14 3.1 All: Co No N/S At least 4 days Affective 2-back working memory C > A: Angry > neutral faces
A > C: Angry > neutral faces
A > C: Happy > neutral faces
13
1
12
Contiguity threshold (uncorrected p < 0.01); experiment-wise Type 1: p < 0.02 (corrected) (AFNI AlphaSim)
Passarotti (25) 11 6 5 13 2.7 15 7 8 14 3.1 All: Co No N=6: current 3 wks Response Inhibition C > A
A > C
7
3
Contiguity threshold (uncorrected p < 0.01); experiment-wise Type 1: p < 0.02 (corrected) (AFNI AlphaSim)
Prehen-Kristensen (26) 12 NS NS 13 1.8 12 NS NS 14 2 N=12: Co; N= 2: I N=5: ODD All: current 48 h Delayed-match-to-sample paradigm C > A 15 Cluster-size thresholding (5 voxels); voxel-level: p < 0.05; (SPM5)
Rubia (27) 7 7 0 16 NS 9 9 0 15 NS All: Co CD (NS) (NS) 1 wk Stop
Delay
C > A
C > A
4
2
Permutation; Voxel-wise probability Type I error: 0.05
Rubia (28) 16 16 0 13 2.1 21 21 0 14 1.6 All: Co N=5: CD All: naïve N/A Stop C > A: Successful > unsuccessful inhibition
C > A: Unsuccessful inhibition > baseline go
2
2
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison); p < 0.01 (cluster comparison)
Rubia (29) 17 17 0 14 2 18 18 0 13 2 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Oddball C > A: Successful oddball > standard
C >A: Standard > oddball
3
2
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison); p < 0.01 (cluster comparison)
Rubia (30) 20 20 0 13 1.5 20 20 0 14 2 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Tracking stop C > A: Successful > failed stop
C > A: Failed stop > go
C > A: Go > stop
1
1
1
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison); p < 0.03 (cluster comparison)
Rubia (31) 18 18 0 13 1 16 16 0 13 3 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Rewarded CPT C > A: Effect of attention
C > A: Effect of reward
A > C: Effect of attention
2
1
9
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison); p < 0.01 (cluster comparison)
Rubia (32) 20 20 0 13 1.4 20 20 0 14 1.9 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Simon C > A: Incongruent > oddball
C > A: Oddball > congruent
2
2
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 for both voxel comparison and cluster comparison
Rubia (33) 13 13 0 13 1.4 13 13 0 13 1.8 All: Co N=1: CD All: naïve N/A Rewarded CPT C > A: Attention
C > A: Reward
A > C: Reward
13
2
4
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison); p < 0.02 (cluster comparison) (XBAM)
Rubia (34)
Study 1
10 10 0 14 2 10 10 0 15 4 All: Co N=1: CD N= 4: naïve; N= 6: current 36 h (N=6) Delay discounting C > A 6 Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison); p < 0.006 (cluster comparison)
Rubia (34)
Study 2
12 12 0 13 1 12 12 0 13 1 All: Co N=1: CD All: naïve N/A Time discrimin. C > A
A > C
1
2
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 for voxel comparison and p < 0.006 for cluster comparison
Rubia (35) 14 14 0 13 1.1 20 20 0 14 1.9 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Switch C > A 2 Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 for both voxel and cluster comparison (XBAM)
Rubia (36) 18 18 0 14 1.1 20 20 0 15 1.1 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Visual tracking stop
Meiran Switch
C > A: Successful-stop
C > A: Failed-stop
C > A
1
2
3
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 for voxel comparison and p < 0.003 for cluster comparison (XBAM)
Rubia (37) 12 12 0 13 1 13 13 0 13 1 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Visual tracking stop C > A: Successful inhibition
C > A: Inhibition failure
13
13
Threshold-Free Cluster Enhancement (p < 0.05)
Rubia (38) 12 12 0 13 1 13 13 0 13 1 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Simon C > A: Simon > oddball condition 4 Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 for voxel comparison and p < 0.01 for cluster comparison (XBAM)
Rubia (39) 18 18 0 14 2 20 20 0 16 1 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Simon C > A: Oddball > congruent
C > A: Incongruent > oddball
2
2
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 for voxel comparison and p < 0.01 for cluster comparison (XBAM)
Schulz (40) 5 5 0 18 1.3 5 5 0 18 1.4 N=1: Co
N=3: I
N=1: HI
N=1: CD N=4: treated†† N/A Go/No-Go C > A: Correct No-Go > correct GO
A > C: Correct No-Go > correct GO
2
3
Cluster-size thresholding (120 voxels); voxel level: uncorrected p < 0.01 (SPM99)
Sheridan (41) 10 0 10 15 2 10 0 10 15 1.3 N=6: Co
N=4: I
N=2: ODD
N=2: SP
N=5:
N=2: current
24 h Delay match-to-sample C > A: Activation at high load period 2 Gaussian field theory; p= 0.05 corrected at cluster level (fmristat program)
Silk (42) 12 12 0 11 1.5 12 12 0 11 1.5 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices C > A 45 Clusters of voxels (z > 2.33) with cluster level p corr < 0.05; (FSL)
Silk (43) 7 7 0 14 1.8 7 7 0 15 1.8 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Mental rotation C > A
A > C
8
4
Voxel level p (uncorr) < 0.001; cluster level p corr < 0.05
Smith (44) 17
14
17
14
0
0
13
13
2
1.8
18
27
18
27
0
0
14
14
2
1.8
All: Co N=5: CD All: naïve N/A Go/No-Go
Switch
C > A: Successful No-Go stimuli
C> A: Switch
1
9
Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison) and p < 0.01 (cluster comparison)
Smith (45) 21 21 0 13 1.6 17 17 0 14 2.1 All: Co N=3: CD/ODD All: naïve N/A Time discrimination C > A: Time discrimination > temporal order judgment 2 Cluster level difference; < 1 false activated cluster at p < 0.05 (voxel comparison) and p < 0.01 (cluster comparison) (XBAM)
Spinelli (46) 13 9 4 11 1.4 17 8 9 11 1.2 N=10: Co; N=3: N=3: ODD
N=1: SP
N=2: current 24 h Go/No-Go A > C: Pre-Error vs. Pre-Correct Inhibition 2 Spatial extent cluster size threshold to achieve a corrected statistical threshold of p= 0.05 (SPM5)
Spinelli (47) 13 9 4 11 1.4 17 8 9 11 1.2 N=10: Co; N=3: N=3: ODD
N=1: SP
N=2: current 24 h Go/No-Go A > C: Post-error versus post-correct inhibition trials 9 Spatial extent cluster size threshold to achieve a corrected statistical threshold of p= 0.05 (SPM5)
Strohle (48) 10 10 0 32 8.1 10 10 0 32 9.9 N=4: Co
N=4:I N=2: HI
No All: naïve N/A Monetary Incentive Delay C > A: Anticipation of gain > non gain
A > C: outcome of gain > non gain
1
7
p < 0.05 False Discovery Rate corrected (SPM2)
Tamm (49) 10 10 0 16 1.4 12 12 0 16 0.8 All: Co No N=5 current 18 h Modified Go/No-Go C > A: “A-B “ contrast
A > C: “A-B” contrast
1
1
Deactivation mask (Z= 1.67; p < 0.05) (SPM99)
Tamm (50) 14 14 0 14–18 N/A 12 12 0 14–18 N/A All: Co No N=5: current 18 h Oddball C > A: activation during the oddball event 4 NS
Valera (51) 20 12 8 34 11.8 20 12 8 33 11 NS No N=10: lifetime 24 h Variant of visual N-back test C > A: 2-back minus X-task contrast 2 p = 0.001 (uncorrected) with extent threshold determined by Gaussian random field theory (SPM99)
Valera (52) 21 15 6 34 10.1 19 12 7 33 11 N=5: Co
N=12: I
No N=9: current 24 h Paced and unpaced finger tapping C > A: Paced finger tapping
C > A: Unpaced finger tapping
24
17
p < 0.05, family-wise error corrected, with extent threshold of 20 contiguous voxels (SPM5)
Valera (53) 44 23 21 37 11 49 23 26 33 10 N=13 Co
N=17: I
N=1: HI
No N=18: current 24 h 2-back C > A: 2-back visual memory task 2 p < 0.05, corrected (Gaussian random field theory) (SPM2)
Vance (54) 12 12 0 11 1.5 12 12 0 10 1.3 All: Co No All: naïve N/A Mental rotation C > A 4 Cluster level threshold p corrected < 0.05 (FSL)
Wolf (55) 13 13 0 22 4.4 12 12 0 22 4.7 N=9: Co
N=2: I
N=2: HI
No All: lifetime N=6: At least 6 wks;
N=6: 3 days
Cognitive Activation C > A: Increasing working memory load 5 p < 0.05 corrected using False Discovery Rate (SPM5)
1

Total number of ADHD participants (After removing complete overlap but including partial overlap of participants across studies from the same research groups): 741;

2

Total number of comparisons (After removing complete overlap but including partial overlap of participants across studies from the same research groups): 801.

Abbreviations:

M: Males; F: Females; Age M: mean age; Age SD: standard deviation of age; Comorb.: Psychiatric comorbidities; Stimul.: Treatment with psychostimulants; Withd.: Withdrawal from psychostimulants.

Acronyms (in alphabetical order):

A= ADHD; AD: Anxiety Disorders; AFNI: Analysis of Functional NeuroImages; C= Comparisons; CD: Conduct Disorder; Co: ADHD combined type; FSL: FMRIB Software Library; GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HI: ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type; I: ADHD inattentive type; MD: Mood Disorders; ND: Nicotine Dependence; NS: Not Specified; ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder; SoP: Social Phobia; SP: Specific Phobia; SPM: Statistical Parametric Mapping; SUD: Substance Use Disorders; XBAM: X Activation Brain Maps.

*

Number in parenthesis after first author refers to reference # provided in Supplemental Material A3;

**

The software used for the analyses is provided in parenthesis when indicated in the paper;

§

C > A: Blocked activity-congruent > fixation baseline, C > A: Blocked activity-incongruent > fixation baseline, C > A: Blocked activity-neutral > fixation baseline, A > C: Blocked activity-congruent >fixation baseline, A > C: Blocked activity-incongruent > fixation baseline, A > C: Blocked activity-neutral > fixation baseline;

§§

N=1: AD; N=3: MD; N=1: CD; N=2: SUD; N=1: ND;

Only individuals with persistent ADHD (N=5) were included in the analysis; remitters (N=5) were excluded;

††

stopped 6 months before the study;

stopped 1 year before the study.

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