Table 3.
Mean Difference in Social Function and 95% CIs Estimated From a Series of Linear Regression Multilevel Random Intercept Models Examining the Relationship Between Neighborhood Disadvantage on Social Function of 626 Children 2 and 3 Years of Age Born at Very Low Birth Weighta
| Variable | Mean Difference (95% CI)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | Model 4b | |
| Intercept | 51.89 (48.6 to 55.2) | 58.00 (54.4 to 61.6) | 59.96 (55.9 to 63.4) | 59.82 (54.3 to 65.3) |
| Parental education | ||||
| <HS | −10.46 (−16.3 to −4.6) | −9.81 (−15.5 to −4.1) | −9.61 (−15.2 to −4.1) | |
| HS degree or equivalent | −5.37 (−9.1 to −1.6) | −4.47 (−8.1 to −0.8) | −4.45 (−8.0 to −0.9) | |
| Some college | −3.05 (−5.9 to −0.2) | −2.90 (−5.6 to −0.2) | −2.71 (−5.4 to −0.1) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Birth weight per 100 g | 0.83 (0.4 to 1.3) | 0.72 (0.3 to 1.1) | 0.77 (0.4 to 1.2) | |
| Severity of neonatal morbidityc | −0.22 (−0.3 to −0.1) | −0.18 (−0.3 to −0.1) | −0.17 (−0.3 to −0.1) | |
| Child’s race | ||||
| White non-Hispanic | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 1.34 (−2.4 to 5.1) | 0.89 (−2.8 to 4.6) | 0.98 (−2.6 to 4.6) | |
| Family structure | ||||
| Single biological parent | −1.11 (−4.3 to 3.8) | −0.03 (−3.2 to 3.1) | −0.03 (−3.1 to 3.1) | |
| 2 Biological parents | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Family income, $ | ||||
| <10 000 | −6.11 (−10.6 to −1.6) | −4.71 (−9.1 to −0.3) | −5.10 (−9.4 to −0.8) | |
| 10 000–<30 000 | −1.00 (−4.7 to 2.7) | −1.14 (−4.7 to 2.4) | −1.24 (−4.7 to 2.2) | |
| 30 000–60 000 | .06 (−2.9 to 3.1) | −0.12 (−3.0 to 2.8) | −0.44 (−3.3 to 2.4) | |
| >60 000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| No. of other children in household | ||||
| 0 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| 1 | −2.40 (−5.0 to −0.2) | −1.69 (−4.2 to 0.8) | −1.36 (−3.8 to 1.1) | |
| 2 | −6.10 (−9.3 to −2.9) | −4.71 (−7.8 to −1.6) | −4.51 (−7.5 to −1.5) | |
| ≥3 | −3.35 (−7.6 to 0.8) | −2.23 (−6.4 to 1.9) | −2.34 (−6.4 to 1.7) | |
| Sex of the child | ||||
| M | −4.11 (−6.2 to −2.1) | −3.59 (−5.5 to −1.6) | −3.42 (−5.3 to −1.5) | |
| F | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Age of mother | −0.22 (−0.4 to −0.01) | −0.16 (−0.4 to 0.04) | −0.18 (−0.4 to 0.02) | |
| Age of child | 0.49 (0.2 to 0.8) | 0.44 (0.1 to 0.8) | 0.49 (0.2 to 0.8) | |
| Maternal employment | ||||
| Unemployed | −0.24 (−4.3 to 3.8) | 0.32 (−3.7 to 4.3) | 0.45 (−3.4 to 4.3) | |
| Employed | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| HRQoLd | ||||
| Low (<−1 SD below mean) | −12.28 (−15.3 to −9.3) | −8.38 (−17.8 to 1.1) | ||
| Middle (between −1 and 1 SD from mean) | −2.29 (−4.7 to 0.1) | −3.63 (−10.1 to 2.8) | ||
| High (>1 SD above mean) | 1 [Reference]e | 1 [Reference]f | ||
| Neighborhood disadvantageg | ||||
| Advantaged (lowest third of linear score) | 1 [Reference]e | 1 [Reference]h | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference]f |
| Middle (middle third of linear score) | −3.20 (−7.0 to −0.6) | −1.95 (−5.3 to 1.5) | −1.58 (−4.9 to 1.7) | −1.01 (−7.0 to 5.0) |
| Disadvantaged (highest third of linear score) | −8.82 (−12.7 to −4.9) | −4.60 (−8.4 to −0.8) | −3.92 (−7.6 to −0.2) | −5.97 (−12.4 to 0.4) |
| Neighborhood disadvantage×HRQoL | ||||
| Advantaged×low HRQoL | 1 [Reference]h | |||
| Middle×low HRQoL | −3.25 (−13.5 to 7.0) | |||
| Disadvantaged×low HRQoL | −4.07 (−14.6 to 6.5) | |||
| Advantaged×middle HRQoL | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Middle×middle HRQoL | −0.73 (−7.9 to 6.4) | |||
| Disadvantaged×middle HRQoL | 4.92 (−2.6 to 12.5) | |||
| Within-neighborhood variance | 67.5 (43.0 to 92.0) | 57.4 (35.2 to 79.5) | 44.27 (27.8 to 60.7) | 45.3 (27.4 to 63.1) |
| Between-neighborhood variance | 111.7 (80.3 to 143.1) | 95.1 (52.2 to 105.9) | 80.04 (58.1 to 102.0) | 91.9 (70.5 to 113.5) |
| Fit statistics | ||||
| -2 Log likelihood | 4359.9 | 4009.6 | 4028.3 | 4018.1 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; HS, high school.
Very low birth weight is defined as a birth weight less than 1500 g.
Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for child and family sociodemographic and health covariates. Model 3 was additionally adjusted for HRQ.L. Model 4 was adjusted for the HRQoL×neighborhood disadvantage interaction.
Neonatal morbidity was measured using the Score of Neonatal Acute Physiology II (range, 0–115). Higher score indicates more severe morbidity.
Health-related quality of life was measured using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.
P <.001.
P =.02.
Neighborhood disadvantage categories were created from an overall neighborhood disadvantage index (combining maternal education, poverty, single-family households, maternal unemployment, and incomes lower than the state median, each collected at the census tract level; higher scores indicate more disadvantage) to correspond to disadvantaged (highest tertile), middle disadvantaged (middle tertile), and advantaged (lowest tertile).
P =.04 for joint test of significance.