Effects of hypoxia (0% O2) and chemical hypoxia (CoCl2) on glucose concentrations in the medium LLC-PK1 cell cultures. LLC-PK1 monolayers were incubated in the presence of 0% O2 or 300 μm CoCl2 for 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h. A 500-μl aliquot of culture medium was collected, and the concentration of glucose was quantified (*, p < 0.05 versus t = 0; #, p < 0.05 versus control at all time points). Values are means ± S.D. (error bars) for three independent experiments, each done in triplicate.