TABLE 1.
Baseline covariates, before and after weighting with inverse probability of treatment weights
| Treated vs. untreated (not-weighted) 76 797 vs. 1 151 955 |
Treated vs. untreated (weighted) 78 075 vs. 1 151 826 |
|
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age | 63.2 ± (9.3) vs. 62.9 ± (9.7) | 62.9 ± (9.6) vs. 63 ± (9.7) |
| Male | 73 101 (95.2%) vs. 1098,944 (95.4%) | 74 957 (96%) vs. 1 098 716 (95.4%) |
| Race | ||
| White | 60 293 (78.5%) vs. 918 584 (79.7%) | 62 675 (80.3%) vs. 917 671 (79.7%) |
| African-American | 12 829 (16.7%) vs. 182 836 (15.9%) | 12 026 (15.4%) vs. 183 360 (15.9%) |
| Mix of white and African-American race | 1072 (1.4%) vs. 15 744 (1.4%) | 1031 (1.3%) vs. 15 759 (1.4%) |
| Mixed other races | 1399 (1.8%) vs. 20 722 (1.8%) | 1427 (1.8%) vs. 20 730 (1.8%) |
| Other races | 1204 (1.6%) vs. 14 069 (1.2%) | 918 (1.2%) vs. 14 307 (1.2%) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 4227 (5.5%) vs. 60 932 (5.3%) | 3939 (5%) vs. 61 062 (5.3%) |
| VA and Medicare dual beneficiary | 40 514 (52.8%) vs. 586 712 (50.9%) | 40 166 (51.4%) vs. 588 007 (51%) |
| Religion | ||
| Catholic | 19 440 (25.3%) vs. 287 057 (24.9%) | 19 274 (24.7%) vs. 287 296 (24.9%) |
| Protestant | 47 214 (61.5%) vs. 714 086 (62%) | 48 537 (62.2%) vs. 713 645 (62%) |
| Jewish | 1295 (1.7%) vs. 16 903 (1.5%) | 1141 (1.5%) vs. 17 057 (1.5%) |
| Other | 8848 (11.5%) vs. 133 909 (11.6%) | 9123 (11.7%) vs. 133 828 (11.6%) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current | 36 362 (47.3%) vs. 565 050 (49.1%) | 39 354 (50.4%) vs. 563 814 (48.9%) |
| Former | 29 604 (38.5%) vs. 428 186 (37.2%) | 28 361 (36.3%) vs. 429 107 (37.3%) |
| Never | 10 831 (14.1%) vs. 158 719 (13.8%) | 10 361 (13.3%) vs. 158 906 (13.8%) |
| Substance abuse | ||
| Alcohol | 8746 (11.4%) vs. 143 521 (12.5%) | 10 694 (13.7%) vs. 142 784 (12.4%) |
| Substance | 6153 (8%) vs. 99 368 (8.6%) | 7467 (9.6%) vs. 98 955 (8.6%) |
| BMI | 31.3 ± (5.9) vs. 30.2 ± (5.6) | 30.2 ± (5.5) vs. 30.3 ± (5.7) |
| Comorbidity | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 26 552 (34.6%) vs. 264 426 (23%) | 18 708 (24%) vs. 272 706 (23.7%) |
| Essential hypertension | 74 228 (96.7%) vs. 1 131 618 (98.2%) | 76 167 (97.6%) vs. 1 130 276 (98.1%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1465 (1.9%) vs. 15 480 (1.3%) | 1041 (1.3%) vs. 15 875 (1.4%) |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 13 008 (16.9%) vs. 178 070 (15.5%) | 11 778 (15.1%) vs. 179 102 (15.5%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 7008 (9.1%) vs. 56 598 (4.9%) | 4051 (5.2%) vs. 59 582 (5.2%) |
| Acute cerebrovascular disease | 3506 (4.6%) vs. 48 065 (4.2%) | 3507 (4.5%) vs. 48 347 (4.2%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15 992 (20.8%) vs. 232 758 (20.2%) | 15 409 (19.7%) vs. 233 146 (20.2%) |
| Asthma | 5130 (6.7%) vs. 69 702 (6.1%) | 4444 (5.7%) vs. 70 119 (6.1%) |
| Chronic renal failure | 4920 (6.4%) vs. 32 282 (2.8%) | 2224 (2.8%) vs. 34 785 (3%) |
| Ulcerative colitis | 646 (0.8%) vs. 10 275 (0.9%) | 692 (0.9%) vs. 10 238 (0.9%) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1620 (2.1%) vs. 25 514 (2.2%) | 1626 (2.1%) vs. 25 430 (2.2%) |
| Osteoarthritis | 24 427 (31.8%) vs. 380 447 (33%) | 25 612 (32.8%) vs. 379 532 (33%) |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 15 197 (19.8%) vs. 239 548 (20.8%) | 15 728 (20.1%) vs. 238 792 (20.7%) |
| HIV | 277 (0.4%) vs. 4530 (0.4%) | 337 (0.4%) vs. 4508 (0.4%) |
| Hepatitis B | 1434 (1.9%) vs. 21 442 (1.9%) | 1478 (1.9%) vs. 21 445 (1.9%) |
| Hepatitis C | 3849 (5%) vs. 59 212 (5.1%) | 4126 (5.3%) vs. 59 112 (5.1%) |
| Mood disorder | 21 642 (28.2%) vs. 324 517 (28.2%) | 22 173 (28.4%) vs. 324 474 (28.2%) |
| Schizophrenia | 2931 (3.8%) vs. 47 188 (4.1%) | 3809 (4.9%) vs. 47 013 (4.1%) |
| Personality disorder | 1848 (2.4%) vs. 29 417 (2.6%) | 2258 (2.9%) vs. 29 320 (2.5%) |
| Epilepsy | 1823 (2.4%) vs. 29 632 (2.6%) | 2189 (2.8%) vs. 29 496 (2.6%) |
| History of coma | 317 (0.4%) vs. 4485 (0.4%) | 313 (0.4%) vs. 4502 (0.4%) |
| History of suicidality | 512 (0.7%) vs. 8314 (0.7%) | 630 (0.8%) vs. 8276 (0.7%) |
| Concomitant medications | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 54 211 (70.6%) vs. 564 332 (49%) | 38 380 (49.2%) vs. 579 712 (50.3%) |
| Antidepressants | 12 668 (16.5%) vs. 182 006 (15.8%) | 12 115 (15.5%) vs. 182 448 (15.8%) |
| Betablockers | 22 123 (28.8%) vs. 296 580 (25.7%) | 18 713 (24%) vs. 298 609 (25.9%) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 9946 (13%) vs. 122 186 (10.6%) | 7544 (9.7%) vs. 123 722 (10.7%) |
| Glucocorticoids | 2820 (3.7%) vs. 37 399 (3.2%) | 2283 (2.9%) vs. 37 673 (3.3%) |
| Insulin | 8685 (11.3%) vs. 59 044 (5.1%) | 4211 (5.4%) vs. 63 384 (5.5%) |
| Statins | 5405 (7%) vs. 68 124 (5.9%) | 4294 (5.5%) vs. 68 890 (6%) |
| 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor | 1658 (2.2%) vs. 24 412 (2.1%) | 1596 (2%) vs. 24 437 (2.1%) |
| Thiazide diuretics | 25 926 (33.8%) vs. 326 393 (28.3%) | 20 921 (26.8%) vs. 330 064 (28.7%) |
| Baseline laboratory | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase | 33.5 ± (19.6) vs. 33.3 ± (19.9) | 33 3 ± (18.6) vs 33.3 ± (20.1) |
| Asparatate aminotransferase | 28.5 ± (16.9) vs. 28.8 ± (16.2) | 29 ± (18.4) vs. 28.7 ± (16.2) |
| International normalized ratio | 1.4 ± (0.5) vs. 1.4 ± (0.5) | 1.4 ± (0.4) vs. 1.4 ± (0.5) |
| Platelet count | 158.5 ± (33.5) vs. 157.4 ± (31.7) | 157 ± (30) vs. 157.5 ± (31.9) |
| Albumin | 4.1 ± (0.4) vs. 4.1 ± (0.3) | 4.1 ± (0.4) vs. 4.1 ± (0.3) |
| High-density lipoprotein | 43.2 ± (7.6) vs. 43.7 ± (7.5) | 43.8 ± (7.7) vs. 43.7 ± (7.5) |
| Hemoglobin | 14.4 ± (1.4) vs. 14.5 ± (1.2) | 14.5 ± (1.3) vs. 14.5 ± (1.2) |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 105 ± (30.3) vs. 107.9 ± (28.5) | 107.8 ± (30.2) vs. 107.8 ± (28.5) |
| Potassium | 4.3 ± (0.5) vs. 4.3 ± (0.4) | 4.3 ± (0.4) vs. 4.3 ± (0.4) |
| Creatinine | 1.2 ± (0.5) vs. 1.1 ± (0.4) | 1.1 ± (0.3) vs. 1.1 ± (0.4) |
| Total cholesterol | 176.9 ± (39.4) vs. 178.6 ± (37) | 178 ± (38.4) vs. 178.5 ± (37.2) |
| Trigylcerides | 164.1 ± (90.8) vs. 158.6 ± (85.2) | 158.4 ± (86.5) vs. 158.9 ± (85.5) |