Table 1.
Examples of signaling cascades activated by ligand-activated hormone receptors which impinge on epigenetic regulators, altering gene expression to result in increased tumor susceptibility
| Examples | |
|---|---|
| Ligand ↓ |
17-β estradiol, xenoestrogens (e.g. BPA, DES Genistein) |
| Nuclear Hormone Receptor ↓ |
ER, PR, AR, Ahr, PPARy |
| Non-genomic Signaling ↓ |
Pl3K/AKT, PKA, MAPK, PLC/PKC, PKG, JAK/STAT, Pak1, casein kinase I-γ2, sphingosine kinase, CaMKIV, tyrosine kinase Src, p21ras, adenylyl cyclase etc. |
| Writers, Erasers, Readers ↓ |
EZH2, SETDB1, SUV39H1, PR-Set7, SU(VAR)3−9, Carm1, ENX2, PHF2, PHF8, Rph1, HP1Y, HP1β |
| (re) Programming of the Epigenome ↓ |
Altered H3K27me3, H3K9me2/3, H4K20me1, H3R17me2, H3K36me2/3 |
| Altered gene expression ↓ |
HOXA10, PDE4D4, LTF, FOS, HMGN5, CALB3, GRIA2, GDF10, MMP3 |
| Increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis ↓ |
Uterine and Prostate cancer |