Table 4.
Neural tube defects and average VOC exposure*, first trimester, Camp Lejeune, 1968–1985
| |
Controls |
Neural tube defects Unadjusted |
p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| # (%) | # (%) OR (95%CI) | |||
|
PCE |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
330 (62.7) |
10 (66.7) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb) |
27 (5.1) |
3 (20.0) |
3.7 (1.0-14.1) |
0.06 |
| Above MCL (> 5 ppb) |
169 (32.1) |
2 (13.3) |
0.4 (0.1- 1.8) |
0.23 |
| Unexposed |
330 (62.7) |
10 (66.7) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
196 (37.2) |
5 (33.3) |
0.8 (0.3-2.5) |
0.76 |
|
TCE |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
287 (54.6) |
7 (46.7) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Low (>0- ≤ 2 ppb) |
114 (21.7) |
4 (26.7) |
1.4 (0.4-5.0) |
0.57 |
| High (> 2 ppb) |
125 (23.8) |
4 (26.7) |
1.3 (0.4-4.6) |
0.67 |
| Unexposed |
287 (54.6) |
7 (46.7) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb) |
188 (35.7) |
5 (33.3) |
1.1 (0.3-3.5) |
0.88 |
| Above MCL (>5 ppb) |
51 (9.7) |
3 (20.0) |
2.4 (0.6-9.6) |
0.21 |
| Unexposed |
287 (54.6) |
7 (46.7) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
239 (45.4) |
8 (53.3) |
1.4 (0.5-3.8) |
0.55 |
|
Benzene |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
453 (86.1) |
9 (60.0) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
73 (13.9) |
6 (40.0) |
4.1 (1.4-12.0) |
0.01 |
|
Vinyl Chloride |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
329 (62.5) |
9 (60.0) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
197 (37.5) |
6 (40.0) |
1.1 (0.4-3.2) |
0.84 |
|
DCE |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
328 (62.4) |
9 (60.0) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed | 198 (37.6) | 6 (40.0) | 1.1 (0.4-3.1) | 0.85 |
*when possible, we divided the exposed group by the 50th percentile level among controls (low and high); we excluded categorizations where there were <2 exposed cases in a cell.