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. 2013 Dec 4;12:104. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-12-104

Table 4.

Neural tube defects and average VOC exposure*, first trimester, Camp Lejeune, 1968–1985

 
Controls
Neural tube defects
Unadjusted
p-value
  # (%) # (%) OR (95%CI)  
PCE
 
 
 
Unexposed
330 (62.7)
10 (66.7)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb)
27 (5.1)
3 (20.0)
3.7 (1.0-14.1)
0.06
Above MCL (> 5 ppb)
169 (32.1)
2 (13.3)
0.4 (0.1- 1.8)
0.23
Unexposed
330 (62.7)
10 (66.7)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Exposed
196 (37.2)
5 (33.3)
0.8 (0.3-2.5)
0.76
TCE
 
 
 
Unexposed
287 (54.6)
7 (46.7)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Low (>0- ≤ 2 ppb)
114 (21.7)
4 (26.7)
1.4 (0.4-5.0)
0.57
High (> 2 ppb)
125 (23.8)
4 (26.7)
1.3 (0.4-4.6)
0.67
Unexposed
287 (54.6)
7 (46.7)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb)
188 (35.7)
5 (33.3)
1.1 (0.3-3.5)
0.88
Above MCL (>5 ppb)
51 (9.7)
3 (20.0)
2.4 (0.6-9.6)
0.21
Unexposed
287 (54.6)
7 (46.7)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Exposed
239 (45.4)
8 (53.3)
1.4 (0.5-3.8)
0.55
Benzene
 
 
 
Unexposed
453 (86.1)
9 (60.0)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Exposed
73 (13.9)
6 (40.0)
4.1 (1.4-12.0)
0.01
Vinyl Chloride
 
 
 
Unexposed
329 (62.5)
9 (60.0)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Exposed
197 (37.5)
6 (40.0)
1.1 (0.4-3.2)
0.84
DCE
 
 
 
Unexposed
328 (62.4)
9 (60.0)
1.0 (ref.)
 
Exposed 198 (37.6) 6 (40.0) 1.1 (0.4-3.1) 0.85

*when possible, we divided the exposed group by the 50th percentile level among controls (low and high); we excluded categorizations where there were <2 exposed cases in a cell.